They are rules imposed by the legal system

They are expected patterns of behavior within a society

They are limits imposed in specific branches of society

They are norms that affect the entire society equally

They apply only to certain members of society

They are not officially recognized by the legal system

They are accessible to everyone

They reflect only the interests of individuals

Personal beliefs about right and wrong

The execution of moral beliefs in real life

A set of moral standards considered desirable in society

Norms imposed by the legal system

Laws have no relation to values and ethics

Laws should reflect the traditional values, morals, and ethics within the nation-state

Laws only reflect the interests of individuals

Laws are independent of values and ethics

Equality, fairness, access

Equality, honesty, access

Fairness, honesty, access

Equality, fairness, honesty

The right to be heard and an unbiased decision maker

The right to be heard and a biased decision maker

The right to be silent and an unbiased decision maker

The right to be silent and a biased decision maker

No one is above the law

Only the rich are above the law

Only the poor are above the law

Only the government is above the law

It makes them feel secure and safe, based on general customs and values, penalties apply

It makes them feel insecure and unsafe, based on general customs and values, penalties apply

It makes them feel secure and safe, based on personal opinions, penalties apply

It makes them feel insecure and unsafe, based on personal opinions, penalties apply

Absence of laws and government, often leading to martial law

Power held by a single individual, laws suit dictator

A fair and just legal system

A democratic government

Power held by a single individual, laws suit dictator

Absence of laws and government

A fair and just legal system

A democratic government

United States

France

Great Britain

Australia

A judgment that is repeated

A judgment that is ignored

A judgment that acts as authority for a subsequent legal decision

A judgment that is annulled

It must be followed in all courts of equal hierarchy

It can be used as a basis for decisions in any court

It must be followed in all lower courts in hierarchy

It is not legally binding

Additional comments on the case

Legal reasoning behind the decision

Non-binding decision

Judge's opinion

In the adversarial system, the judge directs the entire investigation

In the inquisitorial system, the parties present their case to an impartial third party

In the adversarial system, the judge acts as an impartial mediator

In the inquisitorial system, the parties must be equally represented

A court order that prevents lower courts from getting involved in a case

A court order that prevents an individual or organization from completing an action

A court order that compels a government or official to complete a task

A court order that allows the appeal of a case

Serious crimes and civil claims of $750,000

Minor crimes, civil claims under $60,000, and commitment hearings

Serious crimes and civil claims of $60,000

Minor crimes and civil claims of $750,000

Original jurisdiction

Appellate jurisdiction

First instance jurisdiction

Review jurisdiction

Jurisdiction to hear appeals from lower courts

Jurisdiction to hear a case for the first time

Jurisdiction to review legal decisions

Jurisdiction for international cases

Through judicial decisions

Through executive decrees

In the parliament by a group of elected representatives

Through referendums

The proposed change (bill) is introduced in the lower house

The proposed change (bill) is introduced in the upper house

The proposed change (bill) is voted on in the lower house

The proposed change (bill) is voted on in the upper house

A set of rules governing the running of a nation state

A document outlining the rights of citizens

A collection of laws passed by the parliament

A treaty between different states

Section 52

Section 51

Section 50

Section 53

That the executive branch has more power than the judiciary

That no section of law is corrupt by maintaining independence between legal areas

That the legislature can override the judiciary

That the federal government has more power than the states

Legislature

Executive

Judiciary

Federal

To create new laws

To interpret the Constitution

To enforce laws

To manage state governments

Approval in the form of special leave

Approval from the executive branch

Approval from the legislature

Approval from the judiciary

Through a referendum

Through a parliamentary vote

Through a judicial review

Through an executive order

Laws created by the parliament

Laws of indigenous peoples

International laws

Laws of nation-states

In writing

Through digital media

Orally

Through smoke signals

Based on the Dreaming and a spiritual connection to the land

Dictated by the parliament

Diverse among tribes but similar

Based on sacred secret knowledge

Trial by jury

Mediation

Physical punishments

Economic fines

Domestic law is based on global values and customs

International law is created by the parliament

Domestic law is politically independent

International law is legally enforceable in the traditional sense

The ability of a nation-state to negotiate internationally

The right of a nation-state to create its own laws

The obligation of a nation-state to follow international laws

The ability of a nation-state to impose sanctions

A) Written bilateral/multilateral treaties

B) Written documentation of opinions or facts

C) Long-standing ethical developments and customs recognized by the international community

D) General agreements between nations

A) International Criminal Court

B) International Court of Justice (ICJ)

C) European Court of Human Rights

D) United Nations Supreme Court

A) 1948

B) 1945

C) 1950

D) 1939

A) 150

B) 200

C) 193

D) 175

A) UN General Assembly

B) UN Security Council

C) International Court of Justice

D) UN Secretariat

A) 3

B) 5

C) 7

D) 10

A) International criminal cases

B) Cases between states (contentious cases) and advises the UN (advisory proceedings)

C) Human rights cases

D) International trade cases

Criminal Law

Administrative Law

Constitutional Law

Public Law

Administrative Law

Criminal Law

Constitutional Law

Property Law

Review government decisions

Maintain public safety

Govern the separation of powers

Compensate the plaintiff

Contract Law

Tort Law

Property Law

Criminal Law

Requires a prior legal relationship

Does not require a prior legal relationship

Deals with commercially valuable entities

Focuses on the constitutional validity of government actions

Criminal Law

Administrative Law

Property Law

Constitutional Law

Plaintiff

Defendant

Prosecutor

Judge

Beyond reasonable doubt

Balance of probabilities

Prima facie

Preponderance of evidence

Summary Hearings

Trial By Jury

Indictable Hearings

Committal Hearings

6

8

10

12

Examination in Chief

Indictment

Cross Examination

Summation

To question the witnesses

To set out facts and explain the prosecution's case

To summarise the case and instruct the jury how to reach a verdict

To choose a suitable sentence if the defendant is found guilty

Criminal court

Civil court

Coronal inquests

Children's court

Criminal court

Civil court

Coronal inquests

Children's court

A) A document detailing the facts surrounding the case sent to the defendant

B) A response to allegations

C) A questioning of relevant matters

D) A decision on the balance of probabilities

A) Questioning the other party about relevant matters

B) Responding to allegations

C) Deciding on the balance of probabilities

D) Determining adequate compensation

A) To decide on the balance of probabilities

B) To determine adequate compensation

C) To question the other party about relevant matters

D) To send a document detailing the facts to the defendant

A) Common law systems use a code of law interpreted by judges

B) Civil law systems originated in Roman Law

C) Common law systems use previous decisions to determine verdicts

D) Civil law systems developed through customs

A) United States and Canada

B) Germany and France

C) Australia and New Zealand

D) United Kingdom and Ireland

A) Judge/Magistrate

B) Judges Associate

C) Tipstaff

D) Witness

A) They give evidence in a case

B) They assist the judge where appropriate

C) They present their client's case and advise them on the likely outcome

D) They preside over court cases ensuring proper procedure is followed

A) Judge/Magistrate

B) Judges Associate

C) Tipstaff

D) Witness

Court Officer

Reporter

Corrective Services Officer

Jury

Organises court lists and calls witnesses

Guards and escorts the accused

Records all court proceedings

Decides the verdict in a trial

4

6

8

12

Based on non-qualification, ineligible or biased

No reason required, only a limited number allowed by each party

Decides the verdict in a trial

Organises court lists and calls witnesses

Adaptations/modifications made to legislation and laws to reflect modern society.

The creation of new laws without modifying existing ones.

The elimination of old laws without replacing them.

The implementation of laws without considering current society.

Changes in social values

New concepts of justice

Technological advances

Economic stability

Ethical norms that guide an individual's view of their society.

Laws that regulate the behavior of citizens.

Norms imposed by the government.

Rules of behavior at work.

The abolition of capital punishment in Australia.

The creation of new roads.

The invention of new technologies.

Economic stability.

So that laws fulfill their function of providing stability and reflecting modern society.

To eliminate all old laws.

To create laws without considering technology.

To keep laws unchanged.

They are established by houses of parliament.

They are completely independent.

They are influenced by political pressure.

They implement law reforms.

To implement law reforms.

To objectively report on parliamentary decisions.

To investigate specific law reform issues.

To pressure parliamentary members.

They are established by parliament.

They are influenced by political pressure.

They aim to improve lives by spurring law reform.

They objectively report on parliamentary decisions.

To establish law reform commissions.

To encourage informed community and application of public pressure.

To investigate specific law reform issues.

To pressure parliamentary members.

They pressure parliamentary members to advance their own agenda.

They may also be NGO’s.

They are established by houses of parliament.

They influence but do not implement law reforms.

The process of creating new laws

The process of reviewing and updating existing laws

The process of abolishing old laws

The process of enforcing laws

Wik Decision

Yorta Yorta decision

Mabo Decision

Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983

Land belonging to everyone

Land belonging to no one

Land belonging to the government

Land belonging to indigenous people

Native Title Act 1993

Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983

Wik Decision

Yorta Yorta decision

Courts

Parliaments

United Nations

Intergovernmental Organisations

Creating new treaties

Passage of bills

Judicial decisions

International pressure

$$Predetermined duties of an individual$$

$$Predetermined rights/provisions granted to an individual$$

$$International laws$$

$$Contractual treaties$$

$$Statutory laws and international treaties$$

$$Legal duties$$

$$Legal responsibilities$$

$$Moral rights$$

$$They can be legally disputed$$

$$They are arguable by perspective$$

$$They are grounded in statutes and precedents$$

$$They are not protected by law$$

$$Implicit\ rights$$

$$Human\ rights\ and\ privileges$$

$$The\ governance\ of\ anation-state$$

$$The\ interpretation\ of\ legal\ rights$$

$$The Bill of Rights is more complex and less explicit$$

$$The Constitution establishes express rights$$

$$The Bill of Rights is not open to interpretation$$

$$The Constitution restricts rights to those specifically expressed$$

Crimes Act 1914 (Cth.)

Criminal Code 1995

Crimes Act 1900 (NSW)

LEPRA Acts

Counter serious organised crime

Enforce laws relevant to their jurisdiction

Discourage unlawful movement through Australia's borders

Gather information to guard against national security threats

Australian High Tech Crime Centre

Australian Crime Commission

Australian Security Intelligence Organisation

Government Departments

Immigration and quarantine

Serious organised crime

Technology related crime prevention

National security threats

Crimes Act 1900 (NSW)

Criminal Code 1995

ASIO Act 1979 (Cth.)

Australian Crime Commission Act 2002 (Cth.)

Counter serious organised crime

Enforce laws relevant to their jurisdiction

Discourage unlawful movement through borders

Gather information to guard against national security threats

Negotiation

Mediation

Conciliation

Arbitration