the fallacy that we ought to do something or believe something because many other people do or believe the same thing.

a systematic pattern of reasoning that deviates from a rationally optimal or logical judgment based on available facts and probabilities.

a systematic pattern of reasoning that deviates from a rationally optimal or logical judgment based on available facts and probabilities.

a method of discovering truth that comes from dialogue and uses the exchange of different points of view to arrive at a position that is more likely to be true.

the cognitive bias in which people with little expertise in a specific task rate their knowledge too highly relative to others with more knowledge.

the reasoning that holds that if a chance event has happened less frequently in the recent past, it is more likely to happen in the near future (or vice versa).

mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that provide a method of problem-solving that is not necessarily optimal but is efficient.

the mental process that leads from one set of information (premises, data, or information) to another (a conclusion, construction, or projection).

the interpretative principle that says a reader ought to interpret the author’s statements in the most rational and best possible way.

an information-bearing unit of thought. Representations are the objects that minds consider when they think.

a strategy for making opposing arguments as strong as possible so that it is difficult to knock them down.

the fallacy of attaching a greater value to something than is warranted because a person has already invested time, resources, and emotion in that thing (or person).

the tendency for human beings to align their beliefs and attitudes with groups of people who have similar attitudes, practices, or beliefs.