There are different levels where a tourism plan can be made, such as international, national,

regional, provincial, city, or site, depending on the scope and details involved.

(a)  

Plans are always future-oriented and dependent on the length of time that the plan

intends to be completed. It can be short-term (two [2] years or less), medium-term (two [2] to five [5]

years), and long-term (five [5] years and more).

(a)  

A tourism plan’s coverage can be wider and more comprehensive or can focus only on a few

aspects of tourism planning.

(a)  

These are the spaces that are covered in tourism planning and where tourism is

developed, also known as tourism development unit.

(a)  

The accuracy of tourism-relevant data is highly

essential for estimating supply-capacity, demanding forecast, and monitoring results. In the

Philippines, data gathering at the national level is updated generally every year. However, in local and

barangay levels, it becomes less updated and means that improvements in data gathering under this

level should require more effort.

(a)  

Expertise in planning is built over years of education and experience.

Hence, the level of expertise of the people involved in tourism planning can determine the quality of

the output (tourism plan). It may range from a less sophisticated to a detailed and concise tourism

plan.

(a)  

Each country has a unique characteristic that can be used

as an asset for tourism purposes. Tourism planning may depend on the available tourism resources or

assets a destination may offer. It may opt to capitalize on what tourism resources the destination has.

(a)  

The different kinds of tourism resources or

assets in adjacent destinations may affect the level of competitiveness of a potential area for tourism.

The area of concern in the tourism plan must be able to differentiate themselves among other similar

tourist attractions.

(a)  

The cultural characteristics of a destination may affect the types of tourists

they may attract. The tourism plan must take note for it can be used as an advantage to improve its

competitiveness

(a)  

It is important to consider the geographic location of the area of concern in a

tourism plan for several factors that may affect tourism development. These factors may be in the

form of the area’s climate, security, vulnerability to natural disasters, and infrastructure requirements.

(a)  

The characteristics and the possible influence of the target markets, which are what

the tourists expect to visit in the destination of concern in the tourism plan, must be taken into

consideration. This will determine the types of amenities and services that the destination will offer.

(a)  

Tourism development has a set of objectives that is influenced by

a certain philosophy. This defines the choice of issues that the plan must address, the goals, and the

strategies needed to achieve the desired outcome.

(a)  

These set the limitations and provide guidelines on what

can and cannot be done within the area of concern. Tourism development must take note of these

guidelines to ensure that they still operate within the legal boundaries of the area.

(a)  

Perception and attitudes towards tourism development

may be factorsregarding the level of support these can get from stakeholders. Positive perception will

result into embracing tourism development, while negative perception will make the stakeholders

oppose it.

(a)  

Tourism planning must also consider external development, especially

those which involve the tourism industry, for it might affect the feasibility of the plan. These

developments are mostly within the scope of society and culture, technology, environment, economy,

and politics. Some examples may include changes in the world economy, technological advancements,

climate change, aging population, etc.

(a)  

In order to proceed in tourism development, the tourism plan must consider the

amount needed to cover all the expenses required by the tourism project. This is to ensure that the

objectives and the desired outcome are fully met.

(a)  

is a model

formulated by Professor Richard W. Butler, which analyzes the development of a tourist destination through

the following stages

(a)  

This stage is when people start to discover the destination. Facilities are not yet available

and are below the standards of tourism usually owned by locals. Tourism in the area is still limited

since it is still not quite accessible and lacks facilities.

(a)  

The number of visitors in the destination starts to increase; some can be considered as

“regulars,” while others may observe seasonal patterns of visitor arrival in the area. The locals are

starting to adapt or advertise in which the local government is pressured to do developments in

infrastructure.

(a)  

Additional infrastructure and well-developed market areas are starting to get visible.

Tourists outnumber the locals during peak seasons, and the involvement of the local community in

tourism development starts to dwindle.

(a)  

The growth in tourist arrivals starts to decline, but the number of visitors is still at high.

Business zones are being developed, making older facilities perceived as inferior. A huge part of the

economy is becoming tied to tourism, and the locals may start to see the negative effects of tourism.

(a)  

The number of tourists the destination can accommodate reaches its limit.

Environmental, economic, and social problems also start to occur. The destination’s appeal to tourists

diminishes, while facilities start to cease operations.

(a)  

This is the final stage in which the destination can either fade or recover. The

destination declines when it can no longer compete with other emerging destinations and loses its

appeal to tourists. On the other hand, it can recover and rejuvenate if it can discover resources that

are still fresh and unused.

(a)  

classified tourists using the theory that tourism combines the desire of tourists to

seek out new experiences with the feeling of security they have at their own homes.

(a)  

Cohen described them as tourists who prefer familiarity on a destination.

They are the types that are commonly dealt with in a routinary way by professionals in the tourism

industry. Under the institutionalized tourist classification role are the following specific types

(a)  

This is the type of tourist that has a low appetite in adventure-

type experiences. They are uncomfortable with unfamiliar experiences and prefer to play it

safe. Hence, they are usually the type that avails pre-packaged tours and has little interaction

with local people.

(a)  

Same with organized mass tourists, they just have more

flexibility and scope regarding their personal travel choices. Still, they prefer to play it safe

within the boundaries of traditional tourist activities.

(a)  

They are described as tourists who prefer and seek to try new things

by not utilizing traditional tourism service providers unless necessary. Under this classified role are

the following specific types

(a)  

They arrange trips independently in an almost non-traditional way. However,

they still seek the comfort of having a reliable and traditional travel needs. They are flexible

enough to try new experiences but still like to be guaranteed that safe choices are always

available

(a)  

They seek a whole new experience and a different way of traveling. Their main

objective is to detach themselves from their daily lives and immerse themselves in an entirely

new way of living without any fixed itinerary. They are likely to be more connected and,

sometimes, live with the local community.

(a)  

Solo travelers in Taipei who uses the metro system as a means of transportation

(a)  

Tourist that are commonly dealt with by professionals in the tourism industry

(a)  

Chinese tourists accompanied by a tour guide in an intramuros manila day tour

(a)  

British soldier turned monk staying in a temple in the mountains of Bhutan

(a)  

American tourists availing a bus tour to explore Dubai United Arab Emirates

(a)  

sustainability are used for assessing existing issues, situations, problems, and possible risks, as

well as the potential of an area by being a destination for tourism development.

(a)  

It provides information on

how the mentioned areas that are assessed will be measured to be used as tools for developing the area for

tourism. A good indicator responds to the key risks and concerns and provides clear information on issues and

other areas regarding sustainability. It also responds to issues and concerns regarding the environmental,

economic, and social dimensions of tourisms.

(a)  

provided a set of guidelines for developing and

applying indicators of sustainable tourism. They identified the following types of indicators where each could

be used differently to make decisions and could be useful enough to help predict problems

(a)  

These are indicators that provide the ability to anticipate things that might

affect sustainability. (e.g., decline in the number of tourists who intend to return)

(a)  

These are indicators that identify the factors that may compromise the

sustainability of a destination. (e.g., water shortage and crime indices)

(a)  

These are indicators that measure the condition of the tourism industry

within the area of concern. (e.g., occupancy rate and tourist satisfaction)

(a)  

These are indicators that measure the

impacts of tourism development on the three (3) dimensions of sustainable tourism. (e.g., level of

deforestation, changes in consumption patterns, and changes in income levels in local communities)

(a)  

These are indicators that measure the current level of effort in managing the

sustainability of a potential destination. (e.g., cleanup drive and social enterprise programs)

(a)  

These are indicators that measure the results of management performance.

(e.g., changed pollution levels and number of returning tourists)

(a)  

This checks broad changes in tourism within this level and compares it with other

nations. This is done to provide a basis for changes in local levels of support and broad strategic

planning.

(a)  

Comparisons are done with other regions to provide vital information and support the

national level planning process.

(a)  

This classifies key elements of tourism assets and state of the tourism sector

in the area of concern, including its performance and risks involved.

(a)  

This classifies key elements of tourism assets and state of the tourism sector

in the area of concern, including its performance and risks involved.

(a)  

This identifies specific indicators of development that may affect key decisions

on site control and management within the area of concern for the future development of tourism

attractions

(a)  

Indicators are used to support their strategic management process for the

destinations.

(a)  

Indicators are used to monitor the impact and performance

of their operations

(a)  

Who will use it and how will it influence decisions on the issue?

(a)  

Is it practical and affordable to collect and analyze data?

(a)  

Is it supported by valid and reliable information?

(a)  

Can anyone understand it?

(a)  

Can it be used as a basis of comparison with other areas?

(a)  

This is where data and information come from comparable numbers

that are obtained over time. Under this method are the following concepts

(a)  

Data and information are gathered and expressed subjectively. Under

this method are the following concepts

(a)  

obtained information straight from the source that is unaltered and in its purest

form (e.g., number of visitors in a site and volume of generated waste in an area)

(a)  

information or data set that is related to another to show relativity (e.g., tourist to

local population ratio during peak season – representing the number of tourist in comparison

with local residents showing who outnumbers who during peak season)

(a)  

where information is identified with an overall data, a benchmark, or a prior

measure (e.g., percentage in changes in tourist arrivals and percentage in wastewater

treatment)

(a)  

These depict the state or level of accomplishment based on criteria. (e.g.,

level of protection on natural areas according to environment organizations)

(a)  

The data is identified with the presence of specific components of

tourism development and operation. (e.g., existence of tourism plan, on-going clean-up drive

programs for conservation, etc.)

(a)  

These are information normally based on surveys and

questionnaires and can be expressed through numbers, percentages, etc. (e.g., level of tourist

satisfaction, level of waste production, etc.)

(a)  

It serves as

the global standard for sustainability in travel and tourism.

(a)  

The GSTC was established in an effort to develop

a common understanding of sustainability, which is arranged in four (4) pillars:

(a)  

has criteria and performance indicators for hotel and tour operators, as well as destinations. It serves as

the global standard for sustainability in travel and tourism.

(a)