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WorksheetsAP Statistics Unit 3 Review Questions
Total questions: 52
Worksheet time: 3hrs 34mins
Define confounding variables and their impact on data collection in AP Statistics.
Variables that are not important to consider in data collection
Extraneous variables that affect the relationship between the independent and dependent variables
Variables that have no impact on the relationship between the independent and dependent variables
Variables that only impact the dependent variable
What is bias in the context of AP Statistics data collection?
Inconsistency in the data due to human error
Random error introduced by the sampling method
Error caused by the accuracy of the data analysis
Systematic error introduced by the sampling method or data collection process
Wicomico County Public Schools randomly selected 230 teachers to find out which technology resource it's teachers feel is the most effective.
Interview every 10th student who enters the school in the morning.
simple random
voluntary response
systematic
convenience
Assign each car in a dealership a number and then use a random-number table to select the cars to be inspected.
systematic
simple random sample
convenience
Self - selected (volunteer)
Marianne wanted to know students' opinion on the new schedule at school. She survey's the first 30 students who come into her class.
Convenience Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Volunteer response
An independent research company wants to go door to door to survey people in the city of Fontana. The company decides to number all blocks within the city limit, randomly choose 1 block and survey all households on that block.
This is an example of:
Simple Random Sample
Stratified Random Sample
Cluster Random Sample
Systematic Random Sampling
A teacher hands out an index card and asks ALL of her students to write down the following information: age, height (in inches), and what grade they are in.
Which of the following best describes her method of data collection?
Census
Simple Random Sample
Cluster Random Sample
Stratified Random Sample
A teacher splits her classes up by period. She then randomly picks 3 students from each period to do a survey.
Stratified.
Systematic
Cluster
Biased.
Farmer Joe's apple tree farm is set up in 100 rows. He counts the number of apples produced on every 10th row to estimate the number apples produced on the whole farm. This is _____________ random sampling.
Farmer Joe randomly picks 100 trees using a random number generator to estimate the number of apples produced by his apple trees. This is ______________ random sampling.
Statistics teachers often debate the best order in which to teach topics. One group of teachers likes to teach design of studies first. Another group likes to begin with data analysis. To see which order is more effective in preparing students for the AP Exam, an experiment was proposed. A large group of teachers, each of whom teaches two sections of statistics, volunteered to be part of the experiment. Each teacher will randomly assign one of their classes to beign with design, and the other to begin with data analysis. Which is the correct description of this design?
The experimental units are the classrooms, the blocks are the teachers, and the response variable is the difference in average AP Exam score for each of the teacher's classes.
The experimental units are the teachers, there are no blocks, and the response variable is the average AP Exam score for each teacher.
The experimental units are the individual students, the blocks are the classrooms, and the response variable is each individual student's AP Exam score.
The experimental units are the individual students, the blocks are the teachers, and the response variable is the average AP Exam score for each classroom
The experimental units are the order of the topics, the blocks are the teachers, and the response variable is the average AP Exam score for all students who used each order of topics.
In a certain school, students can choose whether to eat in the school’s cafeteria. A reporter working for the school’s newspaper polled students on their reactions to changes in the menu at the cafeteria. For each student leaving the cafeteria in one 20-minute time period, the reporter used a die to determine whether to stop the student and ask how he or she felt about the new menu. In the reporter’s article it was stated that a random sample of the students showed that 23% of the school’s student population was happy with the new menu. Which of the following statements is true?
Because each student leaving the cafeteria was randomly selected and could choose to answer or not, this is a random sample of the student population, and the 23% is an accurate measurement of the school population’s view of the new menu.
Because students self-selected whether to eat in the cafeteria, the sampling method might be biased and the sample might not be representative of all students in the school.
The survey would have been more effective if the reporter had collected the data in one 10-minute time period rather than in one 20-minute time period.
The survey would have been more effective if students who cared about the food could have called the reporter to tell how they felt about the new menu, so that only students with opinions on the subject would have been surveyed.
Because no treatment was imposed on the students eating in the cafeteria, one cannot make any conclusions about the new menu.
The student government at a high school wants to conduct a survey of student opinion. It wants to begin with a simple random sample of 80 students. Which of the following survey methods will produce a simple random sample?
Survey the first 80 students to arrive at school in the morning
Survey every 5th student entering the school library until 80 students are surveyed.
Use random numbers to choose 20 each of first-year, second-year, third-year, and fourth-year students.
Number the students in the official school roster. Use a table of random numbers to choose 80 students from this roster for the survey.
Number the cafeteria seats. Use a table of random numbers to choose seats and interview the students until 80 have been interviewed.
What can be used to show a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables?
A controlled experiment
A census
An observational study
A cross-sectional study
A sample survey
A sample in which individuals were chosen who are easiest to reach is called?
convenience sample
simple random sample
census
voluntary response sample
_____ occurs when some groups in the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample.
confounding
nonresponse bias
response bias
undercoverage
Bias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond is called _______.
undercoverage
response bias
nonresponse bias
confounding
Anything in a survey design that influences responses is called _______. (Choose the best answer)
response bias
voluntary response
non response
undercoverage
This occurs when two variables are associated in such a way that their effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other?
undercoverage
bias
confounding
association
Which type of study has treatments that are imposed on subjects?
observational study
experiment
The individuals on which the experiment is done are called ___.
experimental units
treatments
factors
Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups is called ______.
clustering
stratifying
random assignment
assigning
The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior is called _____.
response
response bias
placebo effect
confounding
True or False: In a single-blind experiment, only the experimenter does not know which treatment the participants received.
True
False - In a single blind, only the participants are unaware of the treatment.
False - In a single blind experiment, neither the participant nor the experimenter know the treatment.
In a completely randomized design, the treatments are assigned to all the experimental units completely by chance.
True
False
True or False: In a matched pairs design, experimental units are naturally paired by a common characteristic, or with themselves in a before-after type of study.
False
Separating a sample into groups based on a common characteristic is called _____.
strata
blocking
_____ are groups of similar individuals in a population.
strata
cluster
block
A type of response bias where the question is posed to achieve a desired result is called ______.
voluntary response
response bias (wording)
nonresponse bias
undercoverage
Which of the following is a key distinction between well designed experiments and observational studies?
More subjects are available for experiments than for observational studies.
Ethical constraints prevent large-scale observational studies.
Experiments are less costly to conduct than observational studies.
An experiment can show a direct cause-and-effect relationship, whereas an observational study cannot.
Tests of significance cannot be used on data collected from an observational study.
An apartment complex is made up of 10 buildings with 12 apartments in each building. The manager wants to select a sample of apartments to measure interest in a proposed improvements to the swimming pool. If the manager selects 20 apartments by randomly selecting 2 apartments from each building, what kind of sample did the manager obtain?
Convenience sample
Systematic random sample
Simple random sample
Stratified random sample
Cluster random sample
In the previous problem, supposed that the researchers suspected that women over the age of 55 may respond differently to the treatment. Given that a random sample of 40,000 women over the age of 45 has already been chosen, the study would have been improved by:
a stratified sample, with strata determined by age.
a stratified sample, with strata determined by gender.
a block design, with blocks determined by age.
a block design, with blocks determined by gender.
a double-blind completely randomized design.
Researchers were interested to know whether internal vehicle temperatures vary by outside temperatures. To evaluate this, temperature rise was measured continuously over a 60-minute period in a dark SUV on 16 different clear, sunny days with outside temperatures ranging from 72oF to 96oF. The researchers' method of analysis is best described as:
a census.
a survey.
an observational study.
a randomized comparative experiment.
a single-blind randomized comparative experiment.
The two graduates with the greatest GPA from each of 14 randomly selected law schools were recruited to investigate a new method of preparation for a law exam. For each school, one student was randomly assigned to prepare using the standard method and the other student was assigned to prepare using the new method. At the end of the preparation, all 28 students were given the same exam, and their scores were recorded.
Which of the following best describes why a matched-pairs design is an appropriate design for the investigation?
Each graduate was randomly assigned to one method.
The law schools were randomly selected.
Each method served as a block.
The sample size was less than 30.
Each law school served as a block, and the graduates were paired within each law school and randomly assigned to one of the two methods.
A pottery school wants to study whether the glaze of stoneware bowls is affected by the temperature used to harden the bowls. The study will use 3 different types of clay because glaze can affect different clay in different ways. Eight bowls will be made with each clay type for a total of 24 bowls, and 4 different temperatures will be used. What is the best design to use for the study?
A completely randomized design. Randomly assign temperatures so that 6 bowls are glazed at each temperature.
A completely randomized design. Randomly assign temperatures so that 2 bowls of each clay type are glazed at each temperature.
A randomized block design. Randomly assign temperatures so that 6 bowls are glazed at each temperature.
A randomized block design. Randomly assign temperatures so that 2 bowls of each clay type are glazed at each temperature.
A matched pairs design. Randomly assign temperatures so that 2 bowls of each clay type are glazed at each temperature.
To investigate the effectiveness of an herbal medication for pain relief, a researcher randomly selected 80 patients who were undergoing physical therapy while recovering from an injury. Of the patients, 40 had knee injuries, 16 had arm injuries, and 24 had foot injuries. The researcher will use two treatments for the investigation: the herbal medication and a standard medication. After the patients are on the medication for two weeks, the amount of pain reduction will be measured for each patient. Which of the following best describes why a randomized block design is appropriate for the investigation?
The 80 patients were selected at random from all patients undergoing physical therapy while recovering from an injury.
The sample size was greater than 30.
Each patient will be randomly assigned to either the herbal medication or the standard medication.
Blocking on injury type will help to separate natural variability from differences due to injury type.
Each patient assigned to the herbal medication will be paired with a patient assigned to the standard medication.
What kind of experiment is shown in the picture?
Randomized Block Design
Completely Randomized Design
Matched Pairs
What kind of experiment is shown?
Matched Pairs
Block Design
Completely Randomized Design
A pharmaceutical company manufactures medicine to reduce pain caused by migraine headaches. The company is investigating whether a new medicine is more effective in reducing pain than the current medicine. A random sample of 500 participants who experience migraines was selected, and the participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups of equal size. The first group received the current medicine and the second group received the new medicine. When a participant experienced a migraine, he or she was instructed to take the medicine and, 15 minutes after taking the medicine, to rate the pain relief on a scale from 1 to 10, with 1 being no relief to 10 being complete relief. At the end of six months, the average pain relief for each participant was calculated. Which of the following is the best description of the study?
An experiment using a completely randomized design
An experiment using a matched-pairs design
An observational study using a simple random sample
An observational study using a cluster sample
An observational study using a stratified sample
The transportation department of a large city wants to estimate the proportion of residents who would use a system of aerial gondolas to commute to work. The gondolas would be part of the city’s effort to relieve traffic congestion. The department asked a random sample of residents whether they would use the gondolas. The residents could respond with yes, no, or maybe. Which of the following is the best description of the method for data collection used by the department?
A census
A sample survey
An experiment with a completely randomized design
An experiment with a randomized block design
An experiment with a matched-pairs design
An experiment will be conducted to determine whether children learn their multiplication facts better by practicing with flash cards or by practicing on a computer. Children who volunteer for the experiment will be randomly assigned to one of the two treatments. Because the children’s gender may affect the outcome, there will be blocking by gender. After practice, the children will be given a test on their multiplication facts. Why will it be impossible to conduct a double-blind experiment?
The experimenter will know whether the child is a boy or a girl and whether he or she used flash cards or the computer.
The child will know whether he or she is a boy or a girl.
The child will know whether he or she used flash cards or the computer.
The person who grades the tests will know whether the child was a boy or a girl.
The person who grades the tests will know whether the child used flash cards or the computer.
