Something that the information system must do or a property that it must have. Also called a business requirement.

Graphical tool used to identify, explore, and depict problems and the causes and effects of those problems. It is often referred to as a cause-and-effect diagram or a fishbone diagram.

A sampling technique characterized by having no predetermined pattern or plan for selecting sample data.

A systematic sampling technique that attempts to reduce the variance of the estimates by spreading out the sampling—for example, choosing documents or records by formula—and by avoiding very high or low estimates.

A fact-finding technique wherein the systems analyst either participates in or watches a person perform activities to learn about the system.

A fact-finding technique that involves a large number of observations taken at random intervals.

A special-purpose document that allows the analyst to collect information and opinions from respondents.

A questionnaire designed to offer the respondent greater latitude in the answer. A question is asked, and the respondent records the answer in the space provided after the question.

A questionnaire containing questions that require selecting an answer from predefined available responses.

Conducted with only a general goal or subject in mind and with few, if any, specific questions. The interviewer counts on the interviewee to provide a framework and direct the conversation.

Interviewer has a specific set of questions to ask of the interviewee

Question that allows the interviewee to respond in any way.

A question that restricts answers to either specific choices or short, direct responses.