It is the result of a volume change in saturated cohesive soils because of expulsion of the water that occupies the void spaces

It is observed in saturated cohesive soils and organic soil and is the result of the plastic adjustment of soil fabrics

The gradual process of drainage under an additional load application and the associated transfer of excess pore water pressure to effective stress cause the time-dependent settlement in the clay soil layer.

During which excess pore water pressure gradually is transferred into effective stress because of the expulsion of pore water.

It occurs after complete dissipation of the excess pore water pressure, when some deformation of the specimen takes place because of the plastic readjustment of soil fabric

present effective overburden pressure is the maximum pressure that the soil was subjected to in the past.

What do you call the maximum effective past pressure?

The technique of achieving the probable settlement of soil before construction.

is the internal resistance per unit are that the soil mass can offer to resist failure and sliding along any plane inside it.

presented a theory for rupture in materials that contented that a material fails because of a critical combination of normal stress and shearing stress and not from either maximum normal of shear stress alone.

can be used to determine the long term stability of structures such as earth embankments and cut slopes.

can be used to study stability problems relating to cases where the soil initially is fully consolidated and then there is rapid loading.

Theory describing failure due to critical combinations of normal and shear stress.

Laboratory test measuring soil strength by applying shear force.

Laboratory test measuring soil strength under controlled drainage conditions.

Reduction in shear strength of remolded cohesive soils

Variation in shear strength based on load application direction

Field and laboratory test for undrained shear strength in clay.

This is the lateral earth pressure on a retaining wall that is stationary, meaning the soil mass is in static equilibrium, and the wall does not move.

The lateral pressure exerted by soil when a retaining wall moves away from the soil, allowing the soil to expand until a failure condition in tension is reached.

The lateral pressure exerted by soil when a retaining wall moves toward the soil, compressing it until iit reaches a failure condition in compression.

A classical earth pressure theory used to calculate active and passive pressure based on assumptions of wall-soil friction and soil characteristics.

Another earth pressure theory that takes wall friction and inclination into account, allowing calculation of earth pressures under different condition including inclined walls.

These are flexible retaining walls that use backfill reinforced with materials like geogrids or geotextiles, and they rely on the tensile strength of the reinforcements.

To cause shear stress, one must cause axial stress

presented a theory for active and passive earth pressures against retaining walls.