Which early Mesoamerican culture emerged in the Yucatan Peninsula and expanded into what is now Central America and southern Mexico?

Which group known as the Chichimec, called the Mexica, established the city of Tenochtitlan in 1325 on the site of what today is Mexico City?

Which Mesoamerican culture sculpted imposing monuments, including 8 foot high heads weighing up to 20 tons, from a hard rock known as basalt?

Which Mesoamerican culture had a talent for engineering and mathematics developing a complex and accurate calendar linked to the positions of the stars?

Which North American culture lived in the Four Corners Area, where Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico now meet?

Which North American culture began in A.D. 300 in what is now south-central Arizona and created a civilization that featured a very elaborate system of irrigation canals?

Which North American culture created huge, geometric earthworks to serve as ceremonial centers, observatories, and burial places?

Which North American culture had great builders, located near modern day Illinois, built pyramids and mounds with a population of 16,000 people?

Which North American culture had its largest city named Cahokia by anthropologists?

Term for the region that extends from modern day Mexico through Central America.

Term for an area of dry land that connected Asia with the part of North America that is now Alaska, allowing for migrants to enter into the Americas.

Many Central African societies were matrilineal, meaning that people traced their lineage through their fathers rather than their mothers.

As in other parts of the world, slavery existed in African society.

Arab (Muslim) traders began to trade horses, cotton, and other goods in exchange for enslaved Africans captured in war.

In the 1420’s, Spain, led by Columbus, began exploring the west coast of Africa and trading European goods for African gold, ivory, pepper, etc.

Slavery in Africa completely changed when Europeans needed slave labor for plantations within the Americas.

This was the earliest empire of West Africa (A.D. 400s). Their merchants grew wealthy from the gold and salt trade. Most people of this empire were farmers and herders. The empire collapsed by the early 1200s due to wars with the Muslims, land exhaustion, and the emergence of trade routes that bypassed this region. Which West African empire is this?

This empire was located on the southern coast of West Africa in dense forests. Their people were hunters, farmers, and traders who lived in small village communities. States and kingdoms included Ife and Benin. Participation in the slave trade with Portugal also occurred within this empire. Which West African empire is this?

The people of this empire were called the Sorko. They used canoes to control the Niger River and trade allowed them to become wealthy. Using a powerful cavalry led by Sonni Ali, this empire seized Timbuktu, the Taghazi salt mines, and the town of Jenne. This empire began to decline in 1591 when Moroccan troops defeated their armies. Which West African empire is this?

Due to wealth gained from the gold trade, this empire spread from the Niger River down to Senegal and Gambia Rivers. In outlying towns, traditional rulers stayed in power and managed local affairs. Many rulers and traders adopted Islam, but many of the people, especially farmers, clung to the traditional belief in “spirits of the land”. This empire reached its peak in the 1300s. Which West African empire is this?

He is known as the “Spanish conqueror of Mexico” and for conquering the Aztec Empire.

He was a Spanish army captain who executed the Incan emperor, Atahualpa, and eventually conquered the Incan empire and established Lima, which is now the capital of Peru.

He was a Spanish explorer who spent several months wandering throughout the southwestern area of what is now the United States searching for the Seven Golden Cities of Cibola. Finding nothing but wind-swept plains and buffalo, he returned to Mexico.

He was a Spanish explorer who took a large expedition into the region north of Florida including what are today: North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, and Texas. He killed many Native Americans and raided their villages for supplies. After four years of wandering, he died and was buried in the Mississippi River.

She translated the Aztec language into Spanish for Cortes. He had her baptized and gave her the name Marina…he called her Dona Marina. She became one of his closest advisors.

He was the Aztec emperor that was captured by the Spanish. He was killed during a rebellion of Aztec priests in 1520 after being hit by stones.

He led settlers to locate north of the Rio Grande. The settlers that survived the journey across Mexico organized a feast to give thanks, which is called “Spanish Thanksgiving” and is celebrated each April in El Paso, Texas.

He discovered and mapped the St. Lawrence River. In 1541, he returned to establish a French colony but the harsh winter convinced him to return to France.

He was a royal geographer who, in 1605, helped establish a French colony in Acadia, which is today Nova Scotia. In 1608, he founded Quebec, which became the capital of the new colony of New France.

He was the first European to follow the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico. He claimed the region for France and named the entire territory Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV.

A _____ colony is the type of colony governed by royal charter without direct interference from the crown.

A _____ colony is one owned by an individual.

A _____ colony is one governed directly by the crown through a governor and council appointed by it.

I was a New England colony and I was started by a man from Plymouth who built a trading post and most of my settlers arrived from other colonies. I was located West of Rhode Island and Southwest of Massachusetts. In 1636, the Reverend Thomas Hooker asked the General Court of Massachusetts for permission to move his entire congregation for two reasons: 1. Settlers needed more land for raising cattle and 2. He was frustrated with the governmental system of Massachusetts..he believed that all men should be able to vote, not just the church members. After the General Court approved his request, Hooker and about 100 followers established my colony. Along with the towns of Windsor and Wethersfield, they created their own General Court. They also adopted the first written constitution of the American colonies. Which colony am I?

I was a Southern colony and was established around the year 1607. I was started by King James I of England. Three ships and 144 men were sent to my colony. The “upper class” gentlemen that came to my colony were described as wealthy and lazy. My land was swampy and swarming with malaria-carrying mosquitoes. The colonists could not make use of the land, fish, and game around them. They did not know how to raise livestock or grow crops. Our governing council could not agree and achieved little. John Smith, Thomas West and John Rolfe were notable people in our colony. After some changes in government and a new type of tobacco, my colony began to thrive with over 4,500 settlers around 1622. After an attack by the Native Americans, I was changed into a royal colony. Which colony am I?

I was a New England colony and was established around the year 1620. I was started by England...more specifically, by Separatists who sought religious freedom. The colonist used John Smith’s “Map of New England” to arrive at my location. Soon after their arrival, the settlers were hit by plague that left only about 50 settlers. All may have died, had it not been for Squanto. He taught them how to plant corn and fish as well as helped negotiate a treaty with the Wampanoag people. The following autumn, the colonists joined the Wampanoag in a three day festival to celebrate the harvest and give thanks to God for their good fortune. This celebration became the basis for Thanksgiving. Which colony am I?

I was a Southern colony established around the year 1733. I was started by England and James Oglethorpe. The colonists that came to my colony were poor and wanted to have a fresh financial start instead of rotting in jail back in England. Once they arrived here, Oglethorpe and his trustees banned slavery, rum, and brandy. They limited land grants to 500 acres, which attracted settlers from all over Europe to my colony. Eventually, the restrictions on slavery, rum, and brandy were lifted and the settlers were granted an elected assembly. I eventually became a royal colony. Which colony am I?

I was a Middle colony and I was initially settled in 1643, but finally was established around 1681. A group of Swedish settlers initially arrived here. But, I was eventually settled by a group of Quakers. Quakers believed everyone had their own “inner light” from God and that there was no need for church or ministers. Quakers also believed that the Bible had less authority than a person’s “inner light” and that there should be no political or religious authority. My colony was called “The Holy Experiment” because, here, complete political and religious freedom would be practiced and the local Native Americans would be treated fairly and justly. In 1682, our leader signed the Treaty of Shackamaxon with the Lenni Lenape people, which marked the beginning of over 70 years of peace between the Europeans and the Natives. The land received from this treaty led to a major city known as “the city of brotherly love”. Our leader also prepared a constitution for his colony that established a legislative assembly that was elected directly by the voters, the proprietor appointed the governor, and the right to vote was extended to all colonists who owned 50 acres of land and professed faith in Jesus Christ. Here, all colonists had the right to practice their own religion without persecution. Which colony am I?

I was a Middle colony. The Dutch, French and English all played a role in the beginning of my colony. I was originally settled by the Dutch explorer Henry Hudson in 1624 and claimed the southern part of my territory. The French claimed the northern portion of my territory and England claimed all of my territory. The Dutch believed that there would be a great fur trading business along the major river. Their major settlement was New Amsterdam. Population growth in New Netherland remained low...around 1,500. Due to the fact that anyone could purchase land in New Netherland, people from many countries moved into the region taking the population to over 10,000. The Dutch brought the first enslaved Africans to my colony in 1620. And by 1664, Africans made up 10% of the population. King Charles II of England had taken the throne in 1660. He did not like that the Dutch controlled a major portion of the fur trade and were helping the colonists smuggle tobacco to Europe. So, in 1663, the king decided to seize New Netherland. In 1664, Charles granted all the land from Delaware Bay to the Connecticut River to his brother James, Duke of York. James quickly dispatched four warships to seize and take control of New Netherland. Which colony am I?

I was a New England colony and I was established around the year 1630. I was settled by English Puritans who were seeking religious freedom. In March of 1630, eleven ships carrying about 900 settlers headed for America. By the end of 1630, 17 ships had brought another 1,000 settlers. Several towns were founded in my colony, including Boston which became the colony’s capital. By 1643, the Great Migration had brought an estimated 20,000 settlers into the New England region. John Winthrop had been elected governor of my colony. Which colony am I?

From the earliest days of settlement, the Southern Colonies developed an economy based on commercial agriculture.

What became the South’s first successful cash crop?

What is the term for “an individual who contracts to work for a colonist for a specified number of years in exchange for transportation to the colonies, food, clothing, and shelter”?

Which of the following is NOT a true statement?

Due to the enslaved Africans’ crop harvesting expertise and labor, what became a profitable cash crop for the colonists of South Carolina and Georgia?

Planters could afford to bring in many slaves or contracted laborers, which allowed them to receive much larger land grants.

Which of the following is NOT a true statement?

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the effects of Bacon’s Rebellion?

What is the name given to the difficult journey slaves endured in crossing the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas?

What is the term for “a set of laws that formally regulated slavery and defined the relationship between enslaved Africans and free people”?

Which of the following statements regarding slavery in the colonies is NOT true?

New England farmers practiced subsistence farming, using nearly everything they produced.

What was the main crop grown in colonial New England?

Town meetings helped set the stage for the American Revolution and the emergence of democratic government.

The Puritans’ houses were located close to the church, or meetinghouse, so that no one could claim distance as an excuse to miss church services.

What was the main cash crop grown in the Middle Colonies of Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware?

During the first half of the 1600s, England paid great attention to the colonial trade and how the colonies fit into England’s overall economy.

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding Sir Edmund Andros, the governor-general of the Dominion of New England?

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the uprising that occurred in Massachusetts after the colonists heard about King James II being dethroned?

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the beliefs of John Locke?

White planters intentionally bought slaves from different regions who spoke different languages to make it difficult for them to plot rebellion.

This movement challenged the authority of the church in science and philosophy while elevating the power of human reasoning.

This movement stressed dependence on God and gained wide appeal among farmers, workers, and enslaved people.

He is the author of “Essay on Human Understanding”, where he argued that contrary to what the church taught..people were not born sinful.

He is the author of “Spirit of the Laws”, where he suggests that governments should be divided into three types of political power: executive, legislative, and judicial.

Which of the following statements is NOT true in regards to the Great Awakening?

In the “first skirmish” over the Ohio River Valley, New France’s Governor Marquis Duquesne and Virginia’s Governor Robert Dinwiddie fought to create a fort. When the French prevailed, who did Dinwiddie enlist to help expel the French from the region?

What is the name of the conference where 7 colonies sent representatives to meet with 150 Iroquois leaders to prepare for the upcoming war with the French?

The Delaware Plan of Union proposed that the colonies unite to form a federal government and most of the colonies were in favor of this proposal.

In 1759, a British fleet commanded by General James Wolfe sailed to Quebec City. On September 12, 1759, his troops marched onto the Plain of Abraham near the city. Both Wolfe, and the French General Joseph Montcalm were killed. Which country won the Battle of Quebec City, which became a major turning point in the French and Indian War?

The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the French and Indian War and, except for a few offshore islands, eliminated French power in North America.

The French and Indian War (aka Seven Years War) put the British in a large amount of debt and British officials believed the colonies should help to pay for the costs of the war.

What was issued by King George that drew a line from north to south along the Appalachian Mountains and declared that the colonists could not settle west of the line with the British government’s permission?

Which of the following statements is TRUE in regards to Prime Minister Grenville’s intense focus on customs reform?

Which of the following is NOT TRUE in regards to the vice admiralty courts?

Which of the following is NOT TRUE in relation to the Sugar Act of 1764?

Which act was the first direct tax Britain had ever placed on the colonists?

The boycott of British goods by the colonists caused Great Britain to repeal the Stamp Act in 1766.

Which of the following is NOT TRUE in regards to the Revenue Act of 1767?

The Revenue Act of 1767 led to various types of resistance among the colonists, including letters of protest, nonimportation agreements, boycotts of goods, and the use of “homespun” cloth.

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE in regards to the Boston Massacre?

The Gaspee Affair led to the creation of ________________.