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WorksheetsUnit 1 - 10 AP Computer Science Vocab
Total questions: 104
Worksheet time: 52mins
Unit 1: Binary
Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time. Some examples of analog data include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race.
A way of representing information using only two options
A collection of public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work, used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that
they have created
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something withoutlosing any information. This process is reversible.
Unit 1: Decimal
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversible.
A contraction of "Binary Digit"; the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1
Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time. Some examples of analog data include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race.
A way of representing information using ten options.
Unit 1: Bit
A contraction of "Binary Digit"; the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1
8 bits
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large.
A collection of public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work, used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they have created
Unit 1: Byte
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversible.
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large.
8 bits
Data that changes discreetly through a finite set of possible values
Unit 1: Overflow Error
A way of representing information using only two options.
A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples.
A work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a piece of writing or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc.
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large.
Unit 1: Round-off Error
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversible.
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too precise. The value is rounded.
Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time. Some examples of analog data include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race.
A way of representing information using ten options.
Unit 1: Analog Data
Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time. Some examples of analog data include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race.
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large.
A work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a piece of writing or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc.
A contraction of "Binary Digit"; the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1
Unit 1: Digital Data
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large.
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something without losing any information. This process is reversible.
Data that changes discreetly through a finite set of possible values
Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time. Some examples of analog data include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race.
Unit 1: Sampling
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large.
A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples.
8 bits
A collection of public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work, used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they have created
Unit 1: Lossless Compression
A work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a piece of writing or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc.
Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time. Some examples of analog data include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race.
A way of representing information using ten options.
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something without losing any information. This process is reversible.
Unit 1: Lossy Compression
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large.
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversible.
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too precise. The value is rounded.
A way of representing information using ten options.
Unit 1: Intellectual Property
A collection of public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work, used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they have created
A work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a piece of writing or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc.
A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples.
A way of representing information using only two options.
Unit 1: Creative Commons
A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples.
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too precise. The value is rounded.
8 bits
A collection of public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work, used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they have created
Unit 2: Computing Device
a machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors
A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples.
the series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.
Data that changes discreetly through a finite set of possible values
Unit 2: Computing System
A contraction of "Binary Digit"; the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1
A work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a piece of writing or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc.
a group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose
The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet.
Unit 2: Computing Network
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large.
a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.
A way of representing information using ten options.
The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet.
Unit 2: Path
the series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.
a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.
Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups.
A work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a piece of writing or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc.
Unit 2: Bandwidth
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversible.
differing access to computing devices and the Internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large.
the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second.
Unit 2: Protocol
the system responsible for translating domain names like example.com into IP addresses
the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second.
An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system
A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples.
Unit 2: IP Address
The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet.
An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system
A type of computer that forwards data across a network
a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.
Unit 2: Internet Protocol (IP)
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something without losing any information. This process is reversible.
a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.
The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet.
a protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device
Unit 2: Router
Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time. Some examples of analog data include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race.
a machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors
A collection of public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work, used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they have created
A type of computer that forwards data across a network
Unit 2: Packet
Data that changes discreetly through a finite set of possible values
A chunk of data sent over a network. Larger messages are divided into packets that may arrive at the destination in order, out-of-order, or not at all.
Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time. Some examples of analog data include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race.
the series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.
Unit 2: Redundancy
A contraction of "Binary Digit"; the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1
the inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two connected devices in a network.
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversible.
differing access to computing devices and the Internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics
Unit 2: Fault Tolerant
the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second.
A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples.
Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups.
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversible.
Unit 2: HTTP
HyperText Transfer Protocol - the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the Internet
A way of representing information using only two options.
the series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.
A work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a piece of writing or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc.
Unit 2: Domain Name System (DNS)
A type of computer that forwards data across a network
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something without losing any information. This process is reversible.
the system responsible for translating domain names like example.com into IP addresses
a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.
Unit 2: Internet
The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet.
A way of representing information using ten options.
a computer network consisting of interconnected networks that use standardized, open (nonproprietary) communication protocols.
A collection of public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work, used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they have created
Unit 2: World Wide Web
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large.
a system of linked pages, programs, and files.
A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples.
a protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device
Unit 2: Digital Divide
differing access to computing devices and the Internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics
the inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two connected devices in a network.
Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups.
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too precise. The value is rounded.
Unit 3: User Interface
a collection of program statements. Programs run (or “execute”) one command at a time.
A collection of public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work, used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they have created
differing access to computing devices and the Internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics
the inputs and outputs that allow a user to interact with a piece of software. User interfaces can include a variety of forms such as buttons, menus, images, text, and graphics.
Unit 3: Input
data that is sent to a computer for processing by a program. Can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile interaction, audio, visuals, or text.
a system of linked pages, programs, and files.
A work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a piece of writing or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc.
a command or instruction. Sometimes also referred to as a code statement.
Unit 3: Output
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversible.
a computer network consisting of interconnected networks that use standardized, open (nonproprietary) communication protocols.
any data that is sent from a program to a device. Can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile interaction, audio, visuals, or text.
some program statements run when triggered by an event, like a mouse click or a key press
Unit 3: Program Statement
associated with an action and supplies input data to a program. Can be generated when a key is pressed, a mouse is clicked, a program is started, or by any other defined action that affects the flow of execution.
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something without losing any information. This process is reversible.
the system responsible for translating domain names like example.com into IP addresses
a command or instruction. Sometimes also referred to as a code statement
Unit 3: Program
the steps or phases used to create a piece of software. Typical phases include investigating, designing, prototyping, and testing
A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples.
a collection of program statements. Programs run (or “execute”) one command at a time.
HyperText Transfer Protocol - the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the Internet
Unit 3: Sequential Programming
program statements run in order, from top to bottom.
Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups.
Data that changes discreetly through a finite set of possible values
a collaborative programming style in which two programmers switch between the roles of writing code and tracking or planning high level progress
Unit 3: Event Driven Programming
the inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two connected devices in a network.
some program statements run when triggered by an event, like a mouse click or a key press
Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time. Some examples of analog data include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race.
data that is sent to a computer for processing by a program. Can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile interaction, audio, visuals, or text.
Unit 3: Documentation
a written description of how a command or piece of code works or was developed.
A chunk of data sent over a network. Larger messages are divided into packets that may arrive at the destination in order, out-of-order, or not at all.
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too precise. The value is rounded.
a collection of program statements. Programs run (or “execute”) one command at a time.
Unit 3: Comment
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large.
form of program documentation written into the program to be read by people and which do not affect how a program runs.
A type of computer that forwards data across a network
the steps or phases used to create a piece of software. Typical phases include investigating, designing, prototyping, and testing
Unit 3: Pair Programming
8 bits
a protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device
a collaborative programming style in which two programmers switch between the roles of writing code and tracking or planning high level progress
the inputs and outputs that allow a user to interact with a piece of software. User interfaces can include a variety of forms such as buttons, menus, images, text, and graphics.
Unit 3: Debugging
Finding and fixing problems in an algorithm or program.
The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet.
A contraction of "Binary Digit"; the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1
any data that is sent from a program to a device. Can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile interaction, audio, visuals, or text.
Unit 3: Development process
some program statements run when triggered by an event, like a mouse click or a key press
A way of representing information using ten options.
An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system
the steps or phases used to create a piece of software. Typical phases include investigating, designing, prototyping, and testing
Unit 3: Event
the steps or phases used to create a piece of software. Typical phases include investigating, designing, prototyping, and testing
a machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors
associated with an action and supplies input data to a program. Can be generated when a key is pressed, a mouse is clicked, a program is started, or by any other defined action that affects the flow of execution.
A way of representing information using only two options
Unit 4: Expression
A collection of public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work, used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they have created
differing access to computing devices and the Internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics
a combination of operators and values that evaluates to a single value
associated with an action and supplies input data to a program. Can be generated when a key is pressed, a mouse is clicked, a program is started, or by any other defined action that affects the flow of execution.
Unit 4: Assignment Operator
a system of linked pages, programs, and files.
allows a program to change the value represented by a variable
the steps or phases used to create a piece of software. Typical phases include investigating, designing, prototyping, and testing
A work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a piece of writing or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc.
Unit 4: Variable
a named reference to a value that can be used repeatedly throughout a program.
Finding and fixing problems in an algorithm or program.
a computer network consisting of interconnected networks that use standardized, open (nonproprietary) communication protocols.
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversible.
Unit 4: String
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something without losing any information. This process is reversible.
the system responsible for translating domain names like example.com into IP addresses
an ordered sequence of characters.
a collaborative programming style in which two programmers switch between the roles of writing code and tracking or planning high level progress
Unit 4: Boolean Value
HyperText Transfer Protocol - the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the Internet
a data type that is either true or false.
form of program documentation written into the program to be read by people and which do not affect how a program runs.
A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples.
Unit 4: Comparison Operators
a written description of how a command or piece of code works or was developed.
<, >, <=, >=, ==, != indicate a Boolean expression
Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups.
A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples.
Unit 4: Logical operator
Data that changes discreetly through a finite set of possible values
NOT, AND, and OR, which evaluate to a Boolean value.
a written description of how a command or piece of code works or was developed.
Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups.
Unit 4: Conditional Statement
Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time. Some examples of analog data include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race.
the inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two connected devices in a network.
some program statements run when triggered by an event, like a mouse click or a key press
affects the sequential flow of control by executing different statements based on the value of a Boolean expression.
Unit 4: Function
a named group of programming instructions. Also referred to as a “procedure”.
a collection of program statements. Programs run (or “execute”) one command at a time.
A type of computer that forwards data across a network
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large.
Unit 4: Function Call
8 bits
a command that executes the code within a function
a command or instruction. Sometimes also referred to as a code statement.
a protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device
Unit 5: Metadata
data about data
a command that executes the code within a function
associated with an action and supplies input data to a program. Can be generated when a key is pressed, a mouse is clicked, a program is started, or by any other defined action that affects the flow of execution.
differing access to computing devices and the Internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics
Unit 5: Citizen Science
the steps or phases used to create a piece of software. Typical phases include investigating, designing, prototyping, and testing
a system of linked pages, programs, and files.
scientific research conducted in whole or part by distributed individuals, many of whom may not be scientists, who contribute relevant data to research using their own computing devices.
a named group of programming instructions. Also referred to as a “procedure”.
Unit 5: Cleaning Data
a computer network consisting of interconnected networks that use standardized, open (nonproprietary) communication protocols.
a process that makes the data uniform without changing its meaning (e.g., replacing all equivalent abbreviations, spellings, and capitalizations with the same word).
affects the sequential flow of control by executing different statements based on the value of a Boolean expression.
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversible.
Unit 5: Correlation
choosing a smaller subset of a data set to use for analysis, for example by eliminating / keeping only certain rows in a table
NOT, AND, and OR, which evaluate to a Boolean value.
a collaborative programming style in which two programmers switch between the roles of writing code and tracking or planning high level progress
a relationship between two pieces of data, typically referring to the amount that one varies in relation to the other.
Unit 5: Crowdsourcing
<, >, <=, >=, ==, != indicate a Boolean expression
a written description of how a command or piece of code works or was developed.
the practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of people via the Internet.
Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups.
Unit 5: Information
the collection of facts and patterns extracted from data
a data type that is either true or false.
a written description of how a command or piece of code works or was developed.
Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups.
Data bias
the inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two connected devices in a network.
data that does not accurately reflect the full population or phenomenon being studied
some program statements run when triggered by an event, like a mouse click or a key press
an ordered sequence of characters.
Unit5: Data filtering
a named reference to a value that can be used repeatedly throughout a program.
choosing a smaller subset of a data set to use for analysis, for example by eliminating / keeping only certain rows in a table
a protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device
program statements run in order, from top to bottom.
Unit 6: List
A way of representing information using only two options.
an ordered collection of elements
a machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors
the inputs and outputs that allow a user to interact with a piece of software. User interfaces can include a variety of forms such as buttons, menus, images, text, and graphics.
Unit 6: Element
a group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose
data that is sent to a computer for processing by a program. Can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile interaction, audio, visuals, or text.
an individual value in a list that is assigned a unique index
allows a program to change the value represented by a variable
Unit 6: Index
an individual value in a list that is assigned a unique index
a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.
a common method for referencing the elements in a list or string using numbers
any data that is sent from a program to a device. Can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile interaction, audio, visuals, or text.
Unit 6: Iteration
<, >, <=, >=, ==, != indicate a Boolean expression
an ordered sequence of characters.
a command or instruction. Sometimes also referred to as a code statement.
a repetitive portion of an algorithm which repeats a specified number of times or until a given condition is met.
Unit 6: Infinite loop
program statements run in order, from top to bottom.
occurs when the ending condition will never evaluate to true.
the practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of people via the Internet.
a data type that is either true or false.
Unit 6: Traversal
the process of accessing each item in a list one at a time.
Error from attempting to represent a number that is too precise. The value is rounded.
An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system
some program statements run when triggered by an event, like a mouse click or a key press
Unit 6: Data abstraction
affects the sequential flow of control by executing different statements based on the value of a Boolean expression.
a written description of how a command or piece of code works or was developed.
a protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device
manage complexity in programs by giving a collection of data a name without referencing the specific details of the representation.
Unit 7: Argument
an ordered collection of elements
the value passed to the parameter
data about data
a combination of operators and values that evaluates to a single value
Unit 7: Return
any data that is sent from a program to a device. Can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile interaction, audio, visuals, or text.
a common method for referencing the elements in a list or string using numbers
used to return the flow of control to the point where the procedure (also known as a function) was called and to return the value of expression.
a named reference to a value that can be used repeatedly throughout a program.
Unit 7: Procedural abstraction
a process and allows a procedure to be used only knowing what it does, not how it does it. Procedural abstraction allows a solution to a large problem to be based on the solution of smaller subproblems. This is accomplished by creating procedures to solve each of the subproblems.
a relationship between two pieces of data, typically referring to the amount that one varies in relation to the other
an ordered sequence of characters.
a command or instruction. Sometimes also referred to as a code statement.
Unit 7: Library
a repetitive portion of an algorithm which repeats a specified number of times or until a given condition is met.
a group of functions (procedures) that may be used in creating new programs
a relationship between two pieces of data, typically referring to the amount that one varies in relation to the other.
a data type that is either true or false.
Unit 7: API
A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples.
the practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of people via the Internet.
occurs when the ending condition will never evaluate to true.
Application Program Interface - specifications for how functions in a library behave and can be used
Unit 7: Modularity
NOT, AND, and OR, which evaluate to a Boolean value.
the subdivision of a computer program into separate subprograms
scientific research conducted in whole or part by distributed individuals, many of whom may not be scientists, who contribute relevant data to research using their own computing devices.
The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet.
Unit 8: Computing Innovation
an ordered collection of elements
includes a program as an integral part of its function. Can be physical (e.g. self-driving car), non-physical computing software (e.g. picture editing software), or non-physical computing concepts (e.g., e-commerce)
a variable in a function definition. Used as a placeholder for values that will be passed through the function.
data about datas
Unit 8: Personally Identifiable Information (PII)
information about an individual that identifies, links, relates, or describes them.
the value passed to the parameter
an individual value in a list that is assigned a unique index
scientific research conducted in whole or part by distributed individuals, many of whom may not be scientists, who contribute relevant data to research using their own computing devices.
Unit 8: Phishing
scientific research conducted in whole or part by distributed individuals, many of whom may not be scientists, who contribute relevant data to research using their own computing devices.
an individual value in a list that is assigned a unique index
a variable in a function definition. Used as a placeholder for values that will be passed through the function.
a technique that attempts to trick a user into providing personal information. That personal information can then be used to access sensitive online resources, such as bank accounts and emails
Unit 8: Keylogging
the use of a program to record every keystroke made by a computer user in order to gain fraudulent access to passwords and other confidential information
a repetitive portion of an algorithm which repeats a specified number of times or until a given condition is met.
used to return the flow of control to the point where the procedure (also known as a function) was called and to return the value of expression.
an ordered sequence of characters.
Unit 8: Malware
a repetitive portion of an algorithm which repeats a specified number of times or until a given condition is met.
a process and allows a procedure to be used only knowing what it does, not how it does it. Procedural abstraction allows a solution to a large problem to be based on the solution of smaller subproblems. This is accomplished by creating procedures to solve each of the subproblems.
software intended to damage a computing system or to take partial control over its operation
the practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of people via the Internet.
Unit 8: Rogue Access Point
data that does not accurately reflect the full population or phenomenon being studied
a wireless access point that gives unauthorized access to secure networks.
Application Program Interface - specifications for how functions in a library behave and can be used
the process of accessing each item in a list one at a time.
Unit 8: Encryption
a process of encoding messages to keep them secret, so only "authorized" parties can read it
manage complexity in programs by giving a collection of data a name without referencing the specific details of the representation.
the subdivision of a computer program into separate subprograms
data that does not accurately reflect the full population or phenomenon being studied
Unit 8: Decryption
affects the sequential flow of control by executing different statements based on the value of a Boolean expression.
choosing a smaller subset of a data set to use for analysis, for example by eliminating / keeping only certain rows in a table
a process that reverses encryption, taking a secret message and reproducing the original plain text.
a written description of how a command or piece of code works or was developed.
Unit 8: Symmetric Key Encryption
a protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device
a named group of programming instructions. Also referred to as a “procedure”.
involves one key for both encryption and decryption.
a collaborative programming style in which two programmers switch between the roles of writing code and tracking or planning high level progress
Unit 8: Public Key Encryption
A chunk of data sent over a network. Larger messages are divided into packets that may arrive at the destination in order, out-of-order, or not at all.
a collaborative programming style in which two programmers switch between the roles of writing code and tracking or planning high level progress
a command that executes the code within a function
pairs a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. The sender does not need the receiver’s private key to encrypt a message, but the receiver’s private key is required to decrypt the message
Unit 8: Multi-factor Authentication
the inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two connected devices in a network.
Finding and fixing problems in an algorithm or program.
a system that requires at least two steps to unlock protected information; each step adds a new layer of security that must be broken to gain unauthorized access
A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversible.
Unit 8: Computer Virus Scanning Software
protects a computing system against infection.
HyperText Transfer Protocol - the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the Internet
the steps or phases used to create a piece of software. Typical phases include investigating, designing, prototyping, and testing
A work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a piece of writing or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc.
Unit 10: Problem
includes a program as an integral part of its function. Can be physical (e.g. self-driving car), non-physical computing software (e.g. picture editing software), or non-physical computing concepts (e.g., e-commerce).
a general description of a task that can (or cannot) be solved with an algorithm
a variable in a function definition. Used as a placeholder for values that will be passed through the function.
an ordered collection of elements
Unit 10: Algorithm
an individual value in a list that is assigned a unique index
the value passed to the parameter
a finite set of instructions that accomplish a task.
information about an individual that identifies, links, relates, or describes them.
Unit 10: Sequencing
deciding which steps to do next.
putting steps in an order.
software intended to damage a computing system or to take partial control over its operation
the time used to complete a task sequentially divided by the time to complete a task in parallel
Unit 10: Selection
deciding which steps to do next.
a search algorithm which checks each element of a list, in order, until the desired value is found or all elements in the list have been checked.
a model in which programs run in order, one command at a time.
a technique that attempts to trick a user into providing personal information. That personal information can then be used to access sensitive online resources, such as bank accounts and emails
Unit 10: Iteration
a problem with the goal of finding the "best" solution among many (e.g., what is the shortest path from A to B?)
doing some steps over and over
provides a "good enough" solution to a problem when an actual solution is impractical or impossible
A way of representing information using ten options.
Unit 10: Efficiency
any data that is sent from a program to a device. Can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile interaction, audio, visuals, or text.
a model in which programs are broken into small pieces, some of which are run simultaneously
a measure of how many steps are needed to complete an algorithm
allows a program to change the value represented by a variable
Unit 10: Linear Search
a process that makes the data uniform without changing its meaning (e.g., replacing all equivalent abbreviations, spellings, and capitalizations with the same word).
a group of functions (procedures) that may be used in creating new programs
a search algorithm which checks each element of a list, in order, until the desired value is found or all elements in the list have been checked.
a system that requires at least two steps to unlock protected information; each step adds a new layer of security that must be broken to gain unauthorized access
Unit 10: Binary Search
a search algorithm which checks each element of a list, in order, until the desired value is found or all elements in the list have been checked.
a variable in a function definition. Used as a placeholder for values that will be passed through the function.
the use of a program to record every keystroke made by a computer user in order to gain fraudulent access to passwords and other confidential information
a search algorithm that starts at the middle of a sorted set of numbers and removes half of the data; this process repeats until the desired value is found or all elements have been eliminated.
Unit 10: Reasonable Time
an ordered sequence of characters.
a wireless access point that gives unauthorized access to secure networks.
Algorithms with a polynomial efficiency or lower (constant, linear, square, cube, etc.) are said to run in a reasonable amount of time.
occurs when the ending condition will never evaluate to true.
Unit 10: Unreasonable Time
associated with an action and supplies input data to a program. Can be generated when a key is pressed, a mouse is clicked, a program is started, or by any other defined action that affects the flow of execution.
any data that is sent from a program to a device. Can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile interaction, audio, visuals, or text.
A way of representing information using ten options.
Algorithms with exponential or factorial efficiencies are examples of algorithms that run in an unreasonable amount of time.
Unit 10: Heuristic
provides a "good enough" solution to a problem when an actual solution is impractical or impossible
a technique that attempts to trick a user into providing personal information. That personal information can then be used to access sensitive online resources, such as bank accounts and emails
a model in which programs are broken into small pieces, some of which are run simultaneously
the series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.
Unit 10: Decision Problem
<, >, <=, >=, ==, != indicate a Boolean expression
a problem with a yes/no answer (e.g., is there a path from A to B?)
deciding which steps to do next.
the practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of people via the Internet.
Unit 10: Optimization Problem
a collaborative programming style in which two programmers switch between the roles of writing code and tracking or planning high level progress
a system that requires at least two steps to unlock protected information; each step adds a new layer of security that must be broken to gain unauthorized access
NOT, AND, and OR, which evaluate to a Boolean value.
a problem with the goal of finding the "best" solution among many (e.g., what is the shortest path from A to B?)
Unit 10: Undecidable Problem
a problem for which no algorithm can be constructed that is always capable of providing a correct yes-or-no answer
form of program documentation written into the program to be read by people and which do not affect how a program runs.
choosing a smaller subset of a data set to use for analysis, for example by eliminating / keeping only certain rows in a table
doing some steps over and over
Unit 10: Sequential Computing
a model in which programs run in order, one command at a time.
a command that executes the code within a function
doing some steps over and over
the inputs and outputs that allow a user to interact with a piece of software. User interfaces can include a variety of forms such as buttons, menus, images, text, and graphics.
Unit 10: Parallel Computing
a model in which programs are broken into small pieces, some of which are run simultaneously
a general description of a task that can (or cannot) be solved with an algorithm
software intended to damage a computing system or to take partial control over its operation
the inputs and outputs that allow a user to interact with a piece of software. User interfaces can include a variety of forms such as buttons, menus, images, text, and graphics.
Unit 10: Distributed Computing
a combination of operators and values that evaluates to a single value
Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time. Some examples of analog data include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race.
a variable in a function definition. Used as a placeholder for values that will be passed through the function.
a model in which programs are run by multiple devices
Unit 10: Speedup
A collection of public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work, used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they have created
a problem with the goal of finding the "best" solution among many (e.g., what is the shortest path from A to B?)
the time used to complete a task sequentially divided by the time to complete a task in parallel
a group of functions (procedures) that may be used in creating new programs
