Started the domestication of animals

Domestication came after ______

First animals to be domesticated

First food animals to be domesticated its purpose is transportation and draft.

Domestication is about 11,000 to 15,000 years ago. Its purpose is wool and meat

Domestication is about 10,000 to 15,000 years ago purpose is meat milk and labor (initially)

"Chew over"

What is a Ruminant?

4 stomach compartment of ruminants:

Paunch

Honeycomb

Manyplies

True stomach

-largest stomach compartment

-can hold 25 gallons or more of material depending on the size of the cow

-A good blood supply to the rumen walls

-fermentation vat
-Bacteria: Lactobacillus, Streptococcus

-pouch-like structure in the forward area of the body, close to the heart, lying against the diaphragm

-has a capacity of 10–20 L

Collect smaller digesta particles and moves them to the omasum

Also known as the hardware stomach

-globe-shaped structure containing leaves of tissue (like pages in a book)

-Inc. absorption of water and nutrients

-Connected to the reticulum

-Folds increase the surface area

-only compartment lined with glands.

-Glands release hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes, needed to breakdown feed

-similar to a nonruminant stomach

Receives digestive enzymes secretes from the pancreas (pancreatic lipase)

Traps and collects heavy/dense objects that an animal consumes.

____ thousand metric tons; annual decline compare last year

Top producer

Arid areas with less rainfall (<400mm per annum)

Arid to semi- arid areas (400- 600mm per annum)

Modern system, almost all zones

practices where developed to valorize less favored highlands and pastures

It is a labour extensive enterprise specializing in one or more livestock species and producing mainly live animals for slaughter

Process of deciding which animals will remain in the herd to become parents of the next generation

Based on weaning weight at about eight months old

Yearling weight

Mating of animals that are closely related than the average population from which they belong.

It's disadvantage is that it can reduces animal vigor, affects growth rate, fertility and viability of the offspring

Mating of animals from two established purebreds

Advantage: Hybrid vigor

Mating of purebred sires to non-descript or native females and their female offspring generation after generation

UPGRADINNG

1st gen:_____

2nd gen:_____

Crosses produced are not used for breeding and area sold as slaughter animals

The simplest crossbreeding

Sire purebred x dam purebred = F1 (first filial generation)

F1 is mated to a third breed

Retention of selected crosses for use in subsequent rotational breeding in generation

Other name is reciprocal back crossing, 2 breed system

-2 Pure breeds are alternatively used in each generation

- Flexible system since one can stop at any generation for desired breed composition

- A third breed is used as in the case

- The use of the three pure breed sires is rotated in subsequent generations

Are chemical compounds used by the animal for maintenance and production

Can consume 6% of the live weight

How many percent can a goat consume of the live weight

Body is composed of______ of water

-Basic nutrient

- Cheapest of all the nutrients

Functions:

-Formation of saliva (impt for feed passage, digestion)

- Formation of milk

- Regulates body temperature

- Reactant to many metabolic reactions of the body

Source of energy and calories

Composition: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Most expensive component

Protein subunits; Essential for building and repair of animal tissue

What happens if there's extra protein?

What is the minimum crude protein intake

• Acts as solvent for fat - soluble vitamins

•Provides 2.25 times more energy than carbohydrate

• Should be ration as this can be harmful to fiber

digestion.

• Supplies essential fatty acids to the animal.

• Disadvantage: Susceptibility to partial oxidation or

rancidity - - - - - › unpalatable feed

Organic substance needed by the animal in small

amount .

• Impt in maintaining vigor, health, a n d productivity of

the animal

•Integral roles in the physiological process like: vision,

bone health, immune function and coagulation

• Increase absorption during intakes of high faty foods

-This vitamin is found only in animals

-Carotene- green and yellow pigment in plants

- Pigment which animals convert to ______

- Conversion in the small intestine

- Formed by the action of sunlight or other sources of ultraviolet light rays

- Young ruminant must have higher ______ requirement then mature or older ruminant

-Cofactor of the enzyme required for the synthesis of connective tissue proteins

In organic elements essential for life and health

Require in larger amount

Require in traced amount

- Present in high concentration in leafy plant materials

- Absorbed in the small intestine + Vit. D

-Need to be in proper ratio with phosphorus

-Importance in bone and teeth formation

- Activator in energy utilization by the animal

• -1:1 or 2:1 ratio with Ca

- Sustaining the metabolic activity of the enzymes that use Mg as co-factor

- Prevent grass tetany and milk fever (Hypomagnesaemic conditions)

• - Present in grasses

- Importance of regulations on body fluid, acid-base balance, and osmotic pressure.

- Help buffer the acid produced from fermentation in the rumen

- Major anion in the body fluids

- Determinant of the osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid

- Maintain water balance in animals

• -Role in metabolism

• - Important in cell fluid volume, pH, osmotic pressure and necessary for muscle contraction and normal heart activity

Low calcium

Grass tetany and milk fever

-Interacts with other minerals (Copper, molybdenum, selenium)

- Component of proteins, enzymes and antibodies, some vitamins and hormones

- Need for specific organ compounds that the body cannot synthesize

- Need by ruminal microbes

-Important in transport for CO2 from the tissue to the lungs

- Stored in the liver, spleen and bone marrow

Milk is low in

-Key role in synthesis of several enzymes and pigmentation

-RBC, Hair pigmentation, Connective tissue

- Nerve conduction

- Regulate energy and metabolism and reproductive function

Deficiency in this can cause pregnancy toxemia and Reproductive problems (abortion, retained placenta weak kids)

-Essential constituent of vitamin B12

- Microbes utilize ____ for growth

- Present in natural feed stuff

- Required by the immune system and for normal skin growth

- Essential for male reproduction

- Functions with Vit. E as antioxidant

- Protecting cell membranes from oxidation

- Affects production; metabolism of copper, mercury, sulfur and vitamin E

- Cheapest source of nutrients

- Fibrous herbage plants or by-products of agro-industrial enterprise

- supports rumen health

- Usually given to goats

- Higher level of crude protein and phosphorus during their growing season than do grasses

- Provide the nutrients that forage alone cannot provide often is necessary,

particularly with high-producing animals

- Feeds that are low in fiber and high in energy content

- Include cereal grains such as corn, barley, wheat, oats, milo and rye

- High in phosphorus content but low in calcium

- Disadvantages in this can cause urinary calculi in wethers

• - Inadequate Ca also can lead to milk fever in pregnant or lactating does

- animal or plant origin