All researchers commence their research with an issue or _________, investigate the relevant empirical evidence and literature to identify relevant research evidence which will help in designing the qualitative questions, collect data and analyse them.

Several aspects of a qualitative research project vary from researcher to researcher. For instance, the empirical evidence and the literature may be reviewed to inform the questions initially raised or it may be reviewed at a late stage during the research process or it may be used to highlight the importance of the research problem. Another consideration regarding qualitative research is the structure and writing of the qualitative project. This varies across different approaches such as ___________ and performances including theatre and poems.

Qualitative research is popular in market research due to the fact that there is no better way to understand the in-depth motivations and feelings of consumers.

Soon after the collection and the storing of the data, the research team proceeds with the analysis of such data in relation to different perspectives such as, A._______themes, B.________dimensions, codes or categories.

In-depth interviews can reveal hidden motivations and are considered one of the most popular data collection approaches in qualitative research.

The individual one-to-one interaction offers the interviewee the opportunity to be the focus of attention and to feel that their feelings and point of view are important and they are really important for the research project.

Survey approaches are based upon the design and development of well _________ questionnaires. Key informants may be asked several questions with respect to their intentions, motivations, attitudes, demographic and lifestyle characteristics among others. The questions may be asked verbally in writing or through a remote device (e.g., laptop) and the responses may be collected through these ways.

Structured refers to the level of __________ that is used during the data collection procedure.

In structured data collection a formal research instrument is developed and the different questions are offered in a ___________order.

The research can be classified as _________ or __________ based upon whether the objective of the research is known to the respondents.

In a survey questionnaire, the vast majority of questions are _________ responses that require the respondent to select the answer from a prearranged set of responses. For instance, a question designed to operationalise consumer perceptions regarding a product may be read as follows: The nutrition value of product X is high and the answers are anchored in a 5 point Likert type scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5).

By investigating attitudes and behaviours using a case study approach through different points of time refers to a longitudinal case study methodology.

The reflection on the action research cycle should be evaluated in terms of ___________, quality of relationships, quality of action research process and outcomes

In an action research project during the ___________stage the plans are implemented and interventions are made collaboratively between the researcher and the research participants.

Survey questionnaires can be administered through the use of different modes. Those being, telephone interviews, personal interviews, mail interviews and online interviews

The sampling design procedure commences with a number of steps which are interrelated. These steps include the definition of the target population, the __________, and the selection of sampling approaches.

___________ refers to the representation of the various elements of the target population. It consists of a set of guidelines in specifying the target population.

An example of a sampling frame concerns a __________or a mailing list.

_________ is adopted in order to make the collected data more representative of the target population regarding certain attributes.

___________ sampling is a probability sample which is distinguished by the following processes: the original population is divided into two or more mutually exclusive and exhaustive subsets (e.g., males and females) and simple random samples of elements from two or more subsets are selected independently of each other.

Stratified sampling is a two-step approach where the population is divided into subpopulations or _________.

Each element of the population should be allocated to one and only one _________stratum and no population elements should be omitted.

In _________ sampling the target population is initially divided to mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subpopulations.

To define the ____________ focuses on the collection of elements which possess the information that is sought by the researcher.

A(n) ___________ refers to the representation of the various elements of the target population. It consists of a set of guidelines in specifying the target population.

Non response error appears when some of the potential key informants included in the sample do not respond.

In single random sampling the known and equal probability is calculated as follows: Probability of selection=sample size/population size.

_______________sampling is a probability sample which is distinguished by the following processes: the original population is divided into two or more mutually exclusive and exhaustive subsets (e.g., males and females) and simple random samples of elements from two or more subsets are selected independently of each other.

___________ sampling is a type of non-probability sampling which is also known as chain-referral sampling. As the first step in snowball sampling the market researcher forms a first group of research participants by identifying the individuals who will participate in the systematic investigation.

A well-developed research instrument can enhance the response rate and reduce ____________ to participate in the research study. If the research instrument and the whole experience in completing the questionnaire is pleasant for the research participants, the response rate can improve.

Well-trained researchers can enhance response rates and increase ____________ and persuasion of key informants. Follow up or contacting the non-respondents periodically, works well in eliminating refusals and convince individuals to participate in the research project. A reminder may be sent to non-respondents to complete the questionnaire.

Response rates can be increased through the adoption of __________to research participants.

A well-developed research instrument can enhance the response rate and reduce ____________ to participate in the research study. If the research instrument and the whole experience in completing the questionnaire is pleasant for the research participants, the response rate can improve.

Well-trained researchers can enhance response rates and increase ____________ and persuasion of key informants. Follow up or contacting the non-respondents periodically, works well in eliminating refusals and convince individuals to participate in the research project. A reminder may be sent to non respondents to complete the questionnaire.

____________ sampling is considered as a two stage restricted judgemental sampling which is adopted extensively in street interviewing.

The correct answer is quota, because quota sampling is considered as a two stage restricted judgemental sampling which is adopted extensively in street interviewing.

Non respondents may be different from respondents in terms of certain demographics such as, demographics, personality and perceptions. In case that the non respondents differ significantly with respondents it means that the sample is significantly biassed. Increased response rates usually imply lower rates of non-response bias.

In exponential discriminative snowball sampling the market researcher screens very carefully the individuals before accepting them in the final sample.

Well trained researchers can enhance __________ rates and increase conversion and persuasion of key informants.

_________ is defined as the process of identifying constructive associations, patterns and trends emerging from accumulated amounts of collected data stored in repositories, through the adoption of pattern recognition and statistical and mathematical approaches.

__________ refer to organisations which gather and sell pools of data and information which are developed to address information requirements and needs.

____________focus on electronic devices which automatically record behaviour and are supplemented by a diary. Such data are used for creating media programmes on air time and developing viewer profiles.

Market research assists companies in moving in the right manner, and in this vein, companies can use the collected information in order to improve strategic decision making and to improve customer ____________.

Gathered market research data should be integrated with other research data coming from both __________ and external sources to make the most of their use and to make more confident strategic decision making.

The budget scheduled for research should be considered and in this vein, if there are limited research resources more cost efficient ways of collecting data to be considered including __________ data collection approaches. Right market research data assist companies in better connecting with their customers and attract new customers.

A ____________ include(s) a collection of different and integrated databases developed in supporting decision making and solving of problems. The data which are included can be accessed through data mining approaches.

Industrial firms focus on data banks of industrial establishments developed through the direct inquiries of companies, clipping services and corporate reports. Such information and data can be used to assess market potential around geographic areas, define sales territories and decide on the advertising budget.

Audit services focus on the verification of product movement by investigating physical records or performing inventory analysis. Such data are used to measure sales and assess market share and track the performance of new products or services.

Mail diary panels refer to information which comes from households and such information is offered for an extended period of time and in this vein the key informants are required to record behaviour as it takes place.

The combination of survey data and databases help the organisation to identify the nature and scope of different customer segments, understand the nature of the factors which influence the needs of customer groups, and reflect on best practices regarding target market decisions.

__________is defined as the procedure of placing key informants to a continuum regarding their attitude towards a certain product or product line.

A _________scale is a figurative labelling scheme in which numbers serve as labels or tags in order to identify and classify objects.

_________scale is a scale where the numbers used to rank objects such as numerically equal distances on the scale demonstrate equal distances in the attribute being measured.

__________scaling focuses on two objects which the respondents are asked to select one according to some criterion.

The development of a ___________scale commences with a concept which should be rated, such as the image of a brand or the quality of a service. The market researcher chooses opposite pairs of words or phrases (for instance, reliable (1) to unreliable (7)) which could be used to capture the concept. As a next step, respondents rate the concept on a scale which is usually anchored from 1 to 7.

In _________scale a single adjective (e.g., user friendly, high quality) is located in the centre of the scale which usually is a 10 point scale that ranges from +5 to -5. The approach is designed to operationalise the direction and the intensity of the attitudes at the same time.

The _______scale consists of a number of statements that communicate a favourable or unfavourable attitude toward the concept that is under investigation.

______________ focuses on the assignment of numbers or other symbols to attributes of objects in concert to specific pre-specified rules.

An __________ scale is a ranking scale in which numbers are allocated to objects to demonstrate the degree to which objects have some attributes. And permits to identify whether an object has more or less of an attribute than some other object, but not how much more or less. An example of such a scale is the ranking of service quality offered by a number of banks.

Non comparative scaling techniques include the semantic differential scale, the stapel scale and the __________ scale.

____________scale is a comparative scale in which key informants are requested to assign a constant sum of units such as points, euros, or dollars among a set of stimulus objects regarding some criterion.

____________scales entail the comparison of different objects. For instance key informants may be asked to indicate if they prefer Coca Cola or Pepsi.

Under the spectrum of a ___________case study, the researcher concentrates on an issue or concern and as a next step chooses a bounded case study to depict the case.

In a collective case study or _________case study the issue to be investigated is selected but the researcher chooses a number of case studies to depict the issue. Such an action helps to investigate different aspects of the issue under investigation.

Qualitative researchers are reluctant to generalise the cases from one context to another because the contexts of the various cases are different. If the intention is to generalise, the qualitative researcher should select ____________ cases to be considered in the qualitative study.

Phenomenologists identify a phenomenon which serves as an object or the unit of analysis and is related to an individual ___________.

The combination of both the ___________ and structural descriptions offer the whole essence of the experience with the phenomenon.

The intrinsic case study focuses on the case itself due to the fact that the case presents an unusual or unique situation. Such a situation may be to study a customer who is unique or evaluating a marketing programme.

The collection of data under a _____________methodology, is an extensive process and is based on multiple sources of information including interviews, observations, documentation and audiovisual.

Under the spectrum of ___________phenomenology, everything is perceived as 'fresh' and the experiences of the researchers are left aside.

In phenomenology apart from the _________, alternative data collection tools can be observations, journals, reports, and music.

In phenomenology, the significant statements and themes are used to write a description regarding the experiences of the participants. This is called textural description.

The __________process is based upon the stages of the action research cycle which consists of a number of different stages.

In action research, it is essential to construct the initiative with pertinent stakeholders and to produce and gather research data regarding an ongoing system that is relevant to an objective or a need or requirement; _________with others in order to review the data which was collected.

Two popular types of ethnography include realist ethnography and _________ ethnography.

_________ethnography represents an objective picture of a situation such as customer reactions towards a branded product, with the objective of reporting the information learned by research participants in the research field. Under this type of ethnography, the ethnographer narrates the study in third-person and objectively reports what has been discovered by the research participants. The researcher reports the collected information without any personal bias. The ethnographer generates the research participants point of view by using carefully edited quotations and should objectively communicate and interpret the group culture that is being analysed.

Critical ethnography is researchers who are politically minded people who aim to use their research to speak against ___________. Critical ethnographers may research brands and their relationships with customers. Ethnographic research can offer an accurate understanding of consumer behaviour which helps with the modelling of branding as it is socially perceived by consumers.

The design of a qualitative study commences with broad ___________ regarding the qualitative ___________ and the theoretical lens which shape and direct the study.

The general empirical approach in action research includes ____________that is demonstrated in activities such as attending, sensing, and imaging.