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Đề Thi Cuối Kỳ - Lớp 12

Total questions: 144

Worksheet time: 7hrs 12mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in the pronunciation in each of the following questions.

a)

medicine

b)

cancer

c)

communist

d)

historical

2.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in the pronunciation in each of the following questions.

a)

attack

b)

marriage

c)

navy

d)

battle

3.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in the pronunciation in each of the following questions.

a)

society

b)

tradition

c)

lifestyle

d)

identify

4.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in the pronunciation in each of the following questions.

a)

confusion

b)

staple

c)

spicy

d)

festivity

5.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in the pronunciation in each of the following questions.

a)

fountain

b)

ecotour

c)

household

d)

underground

6.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in the pronunciation in each of the following questions.

a)

hero

b)

experience

c)

bacteria

d)

diversity

7.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in the pronunciation in each of the following questions.

a)

reused

b)

reduced

c)

recycled

d)

recharged

8.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in the pronunciation in each of the following questions.

a)

capital

b)

migration

c)

modernise

d)

biography

9.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in the pronunciation in each of the following questions.

a)

pollutant

b)

production

c)

fertiliser

d)

container

10.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in the pronunciation in each of the following questions.

a)

decrease

b)

exposure

c)

percentage

d)

reliable

11.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

a)

identity

b)

ceremony

c)

festivity

d)

community

12.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

a)

army

b)

account

c)

surgeon

d)

navy

13.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

a)

autograph

b)

origin

c)

element

d)

souvenir

14.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

a)

cardboard

b)

sensor

c)

machine

d)

leaflet

15.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

a)

expand

b)

dweller

c)

housing

d)

leisure

16.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

a)

recommend

b)

decompose

c)

leftover

d)

understand

17.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

a)

packaging

b)

recycle

c)

proposal

d)

container

18.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

a)

infrastructure

b)

automatic

c)

immigration

d)

unemployment

19.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

a)

urban

b)

landfill

c)

compost

d)

release

20.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

a)

statistic

b)

exposure

c)

production

d)

modernise

21.

The new movie became a huge ______, breaking all previous box office records.

a)

ambition

b)

resistance

c)

biography

d)

blockbuster

22.

Improving the recycling system is crucial, ______ to decrease waste released into the environment.

a)

helps

b)

which helps

c)

helped

d)

that helps

23.

The green space in this city is getting ______.

a)

small and small

b)

more small and small

c)

smaller and smaller

d)

the smaller than

24.

Neil Armstrong was ______ first man to walk on the moon.

a)

the

b)

an

c)

Ø (no article)

d)

a

25.

Cities with high ______ rates often struggle to provide enough jobs for the population.

a)

unemployment

b)

infrastructure

c)

amenity

d)

proportion

26.

Over the last few years, more people ______ to cities in search of better job opportunities.

a)

will move

b)

have moved

c)

are moving

d)

move

27.

Factories often ______ harmful pollutants into the air, contributing to climate change and health issues.

a)

dispose

b)

release

c)

propose

d)

refill

28.

Urbanisation in this country is progressing ______ than in neighbouring countries.

a)

as rapid as

b)

more rapidly

c)

most rapidly

d)

the more rapid

29.

The more environmentally friendly a city becomes, ______ its citizens feel.

a)

the more satisfied

b)

the most satisfied

c)

more satisfied than

d)

more satisfied

30.

Reducing single-use plastics helps prevent more waste from ending up in the ______.

a)

sensor

b)

cardboard

c)

leaflet

d)

landfill

31.

We must use renewable ______ to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and pollution.

a)

stations

b)

vehicles

c)

resources

d)

items

32.

In Vietnamese restaurants abroad, patrons can enjoy a variety of Vietnamese ______, including pho and cha gio.

a)

autographs

b)

barriers

c)

specialities

d)

festivities

33.

Many environmentalists are concerned _______ the decline in the global rhino population.

a)

in

b)

about

c)

on

d)

of

34.

Families can ______ a green lifestyle by using reusable bags and reducing plastic waste effectively.

a)

adapt

b)

adopt

c)

admit

d)

adjust

35.

Huong, ______ is a supporter of clean energy, promotes solar power adoption in schools.

a)

who

b)

that

c)

whom

d)

which

36.

______ the area of forest is destroyed, the more frequently natural disasters occur.

a)

Largest

b)

The larger

c)

The largest

d)

Larger

37.

More and more skyscrapers ______ in this area in the last 3 years.

a)

built

b)

will build

c)

are being built

d)

have been built

38.

The seafood at this restaurant is ______ the one at the buffet restaurant.

a)

as freshly as

b)

fresher than

c)

more fresh

d)

the freshest

39.

City ______ have access to diverse job opportunities, making urban living an attractive choice for many.

a)

referees

b)

dwellers

c)

onlookers

d)

spectators

40.

We should think twice before we ______ food that can still be eaten.

a)

look after

b)

use up

c)

throw away

d)

run out

41.

The better the weather is, ______.

a)

the most crowded the beaches get

b)

the most the beaches get crowded

c)

the more crowded the beaches get

d)

the more the beaches get crowded

42.

This is the first time engineers ______ a solar-powered car.

a)

have designed

b)

are designing

c)

will design

d)

were designing

43.

While Isaac Newton ______ under an apple tree, an apple fell on his head, leading to a series of thoughts about gravity.

a)

sat

b)

was sitting

c)

is sitting

d)

will sit

44.

George Washington was ______ first president of ______ United States.

a)

the - the

b)

a - Ø (no article)

c)

the - Ø (no article)

d)

the - an

45.

The eco-friendly packaging is used by many companies, ______ minimises environmental impact.

a)

that

b)

whom

c)

which

d)

whose

46.

The more you practise speaking English, ______.

a)

the more fluently you can speak it

b)

the more fluent you can speak it

c)

the more you can speak it fluent

d)

the more you can speak it fluently

47.

Educational programmes that promote ______________ help students appreciate different perspectives and build skills for living in a globalised world.

a)

financial literacy

b)
physical fitness and health
c)

cultural diversity

d)

environmental sustainability

48.

Nick Vujicic was _______________ with a rare condition causing limb loss, but he has inspired others with his resilience.

a)
adopted
b)

diagnosed

c)
abandoned
d)
rescued
49.

Organic materials, such as food scraps, will naturally _______________ and enrich the soil over time.

a)
ferment
b)
disintegrate
c)
evaporate
d)
decompose
50.

Donating _______________ food to local shelters can help reduce waste and feed those in need.

a)

leftover

b)
frozen
c)
processed
d)
expired
51.

Pesticides and fertilisers often _______________ soil, harming crops and disrupting local ecosystems significantly.

a)
contaminate
b)
enrich
c)
preserve
d)
neutralize
52.

I always choose products with _______________ packaging to reduce waste.

a)
plastic
b)
non-recyclable
c)
bulk
d)

recyclable

53.

The population of urban areas has been _____________ increasing due to rural-to-urban migration.

a)

steadily

b)
stagnantly
c)
decreasing
d)
sporadically
54.

The increasing number of people moving to the city has made it _____________ in some areas.

a)
quiet
b)
spacious
c)

overcrowded

d)
uninhabited
55.

Students from rural areas frequently _____________ access to higher education institutions located in urban centers.

a)

seek

b)
have
c)
gain
d)
enjoy
56.

___________ flocked to urban areas in search of better economic opportunities.

a)
Plants
b)
Animals
c)
Machines
d)

immigrants

57.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following sentences.

The lack of affordable housing continues to be a significant concern in urban centres.

a)

decrease

b)

influence

c)

benefit

d)

worry

58.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following sentences.

In rapidly urbanising areas, a reliable water supply is essential to meet the needs of residents.

a)

dependable

b)

dangerous

c)

temporary

d)

affordable

59.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following sentences.

Individuals can cut down on their carbon footprint by using public transport more often.

a)

increase

b)

prosper

c)

reduce

d)

produce

60.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following sentences.

The To Lich River used to be a beautiful tourist destination, but now it is heavily contaminated with wastewater.

a)

decomposed

b)

destroyed

c)

wasted

d)

polluted

61.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following sentences.

Marie Curie's accomplishment in discovering radium changed the future of medical research.

a)

battle

b)

achievement

c)

defeat

d)

devotion

62.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following sentences.

Participating in cultural events helps people appreciate the significance of shared heritage and history.

a)

value

b)

celebrate

c)

overcome

d)

disregard

63.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following sentences.

Don't forget to turn off the lights when you leave the room.

a)

switch on

b)

switch off

c)

turn up

d)

turn down

64.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following sentences.

Young couples are forced to find affordable housing outside the city.

a)

expensive

b)

cheap

c)

reliable

d)

effective

65.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following sentences.

The urban population is increasing rapidly because more and more people from the countryside are moving to cities.

a)

slowly

b)

quickly

c)

badly

d)

sadly

66.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following sentences.

Helen Keller is admired for overcoming her disabilities to become an influential writer and speaker.

a)

supported

b)

inspired

c)

disliked

d)

respected

67.

Reducing plastic use will benefit the planet significantly _______ the long run.

a)
in
b)

Ø (no article)

c)
at
d)
on
68.

It's important not to throw _______ plastic bottles, as they harm marine life significantly.

a)

Ø (no article)

b)

of

c)
away
d)

in

69.

Green living habits encourage us to rinse _______ bottles for reuse instead of discarding.

a)

Ø (no article)

b)

out

c)

in

d)

of

70.

We should get rid _______ old buildings that are unsafe for city growth.

a)
of
b)
for
c)
about
d)
with
71.

That parents pick their children _______ at the school gate causes traffic jams.

a)
away
b)
down
c)
inside
d)
up
72.

Question 1

a)

beautiful

b)

beautify

c)

beauty

d)

beautifully

73.

Question 2

a)

that

b)

where

c)

which

d)

who

74.

Question 3

a)

share

b)

put

c)

check

d)

make

75.

Question 4

a)

cleaner that

b)

the cleaner

c)

the cleanest

d)

more clean

76.

Question 5

a)

reusable water bottle

b)

water reusable bottle

c)

bottle reusable water

d)

reusable bottle water

77.

Question 6

a)

of

b)

with

c)

for

d)

on

78.

Question 1

a)

about

b)

for

c)

to

d)

on

79.

Question 2

a)

weekly shopping grocery

b)

weekly grocery shopping

c)

shopping grocery weekly

d)

grocery weekly shopping

80.

Question 3

a)

that

b)

who

c)

whom

d)

whose

81.

Question 4

a)

measures

b)

discounts

c)

amounts

d)

cuisines

82.

Question 5

a)

helpfully

b)

help

c)

helpfulness

d)

helpful

83.

Question 6

a)

to welcome

b)

welcoming

c)

to welcoming

d)

welcome

84.

Question 1

a)

landfills

b)

fertilisers

c)

leftovers

d)

cardboards

85.

Question 2

a)

release

b)

recommend

c)

contaminate

d)

decompose

86.

Question 3

a)

many

b)

much

c)

every

d)

other

87.

Question 4

a)

cut down on

b)

catch up with

c)

look up to

d)

put up with

88.

Question 5

a)

instead of

b)

because of

c)

in spite of

d)

in view of

89.

Question 6

a)

the

b)

a

c)

an

d)

Ø (no article)

90.

Question 1

a)

each

b)

another

c)

many

d)

little

91.

Question 2

a)

the

b)

a

c)

an

d)

Ø (no article)

92.

Question 3

a)

in spite of

b)

due to

c)

because

d)

although

93.

Question 4

a)

surgeons

b)

geinuses

c)

customers

d)

dwellers

94.

Question 5

a)

costly

b)

private

c)

public

d)

awful

95.

Question 6

a)

throw away

b)

carry out

c)

slow down

d)

look for

96.

Question 1

a)

water filling station

b)

filling station water

c)

station water filling

d)

filling water station

97.

Question 2

a)

which designs

b)

designing

c)

designed

d)

to designed

98.

Question 3

a)

usefully

b)

useful

c)

use

d)

usefulness

99.

Question 4

a)

at

b)

with

c)

to

d)

of

100.

Question 5

a)

goes

b)

keeps

c)

makes

d)

puts

101.

Question 6

a)

More than

b)

The more

c)

The more than

d)

The most

102.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a)

b-a-c

b)

c-a-b

c)

a-b-c

d)

a-c-d

103.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a)

c-a-b

b)

b-a-c

c)

b-c-a

d)

a-c-b

104.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a)

a-b-c

b)

c-a-b

c)

c-b-a

d)

b-c-a

105.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a)

c-b-a

b)

a-c-b

c)

b-c-a

d)

b-a-c

106.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a)

d – a – b – c – e

b)

b – c – d – a – e

c)

b – a – e – c – d

d)

d – c – b – a – e

107.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a)

c – d – a – b – e

b)

b – a – d – e – c

c)

b – e – d – a – c

d)

d – e – b – a – c

108.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a)

a – d – b – e – c

b)

e – c – b – d – a

c)

b – a – c – d – e

d)

c – a – e – b – d

109.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a)

e - d - c - b - a

b)

d - a - b - e - c

c)

c - b - e - a - d

d)

b - d - a - c - e

110.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a)

d - e - a - b - c

b)

d - b - c - a - e

c)

d - c - a - e - b

d)

d - a - c - e - b

111.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a)

c - a - d - b - e

b)

c - b - a - e - d

c)

c - e - a - d - b

d)

c - d - e - a - b

112.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a)

b - a - c

b)

c - a - b

c)

a - b - c

d)

a - c - b

113.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a)

c - d - a - e - b

b)

b - d - c - e - a

c)

b - e - a - d - c

d)

c - b - e - d - a

114.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a)

d - b - a - c - e

b)

b - e - a - d - c

c)

a - d - b - c - e

d)

c - a - d - b - e

115.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a)

c - e - d - b - a

b)

b - e - d - a - c

c)

a - b - d - e - c

d)

c - b - a - e - d

116.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.

a)

e - d - a - c - b

b)

e - b - a - c - d

c)

e - c - b - d - a

d)

e - a - b - d - c

117.

Question 1

a)

that are good for the environment

b)

which benefits the environment

c)

causing harm to the environment

d)

leading to environmental pollution

118.

Question 2

a)

more and more people have realised how important green living is

b)

there was a growing awareness of the importance of green living

c)

leading a green lifestyle is a trend among people across the world

d)

awareness about the significance of being eco-friendly will grow

119.

Question 3

a)

helps reduce air pollution and greenhouse gases

b)

affects air quality and causes carbon emissions

c)

releases harmful gases into the atmosphere

d)

resulting in better air and fewer dangerous gases

120.

Question 4

a)

Farmers are not willing to adopt sustainable farming practices and eat foods they produce

b)

People often prefer consuming fast food to supporting fresh produce from local famers

c)

Another solution lies in innovative farming practices and cheap yet dangerous foods

d)

Supporting sustainable farming and eating local, organic foods is another crucial aspect

121.

Question 5

a)

By adopting green living habits

b)

We have eco-friendly routines

c)

Our living habits are eco-friendly

d)

Without green living approaches

122.

Question 1

a)

which saw substantial development

b)

where it experienced a major growth

c)

transform itself in a dramatical way

d)

has undergone considerable changes

123.

Question 2

a)

whose aim was to prevent migration and economic progress

b)

migration has set off a period of economic advancement

c)

which started a wave of migration and economic development

d)

succeeded in encouraging migration and economic growth

124.

Question 3

a)

A number of high-rise buildings have been constructed

b)

High-rise buildings have been replaced by low-rise ones

c)

Skyscrapers are nowhere to be found despite the growth

d)

The construction of tall buildings has faced criticisms

125.

Question 4

a)

Some villagers now have jobs as education has allowed them to upskill themselves

b)

Having access to education has led to more young people being hired by companies

c)

Many young residents struggle to find work due to a lack of skills and education

d)

Realising residents here lack skills and education, they often refuse to employ them

126.

Question 5

a)

there has been a decrease in the number of people residing in An Binh

b)

the living conditions in An Binh have generally improved for its residents

c)

residents of An Binh still live in extreme poverty and need more support

d)

living standards in An Binh have worsened because of urban development

127.

The word unusual in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.

a)

exciting

b)

strange

c)

creative

d)

positive

128.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a green practice adopted by Green School?

a)

making use of bamboos to build classrooms

b)

using the sun as a way to get light and power

c)

using water from the river to produce energy

d)

recycling old furniture into chairs and tables

129.

The word them in paragraph 2 refers to ______.

a)

plants

b)

gardens

c)

vegetables

d)

students

130.

Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

a)

Green School was constructed by the Hardys and the local community

b)

The locals want the Hardys to allow them to learn at Green School

c)

The Hardys aim to involve the local community in Green School

d)

Local people are invited to contribute to Green School by the Hardys

131.

The word poor in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.

a)

needy

b)

rich

c)

brave

d)

kind

132.

Which of the following is NOT true, according to the passage?

a)

Students at Green School learn many practical skills apart from subjects like English and Maths

b)

The Hardys believe it is important for local children to learn about environmental protection.

c)

The idea of green living promoted by Green School is now catching on among people

d)

All schools worldwide are following Green School’ green principles as the Hardys expected

133.

In which paragraph does the author mention the age range of students at Green School?

a)

1

b)

2

c)

3

d)

4

134.

In which paragraph does the author mention the Hardys’ hope for global environmental sustainability in education?

a)

1

b)

2

c)

3

d)

4

135.

Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fits?

The rivers also allowed them to trade with other communities.

a)

I

b)

II

c)

III

d)

IV

136.

The word novel in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.

a)

complicated

b)

new

c)

negative

d)

outdated

137.

According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT mentioned as something cities provided?

a)

trade

b)

work opportunities

c)

healthcare

d)

education

138.

Which of the following best summarises paragraph 3?

a)

The Industrial Revolution led to population growth in England, Europe, and America because of factory jobs and improved education

b)

London experienced dramatic population growth during the Industrial Revolution, becoming a model for urbanisation globally

c)

The Industrial Revolution caused rapid urbanisation, leading to a significant population increase in cities, with continued growth expected in the future

d)

Advances in entertainment and infrastructure during the Industrial Revolution made urban areas more             attractive to people from rural areas.

139.

The word it in paragraph 3 refers to ______.

a)

population

b)

infrastructure

c)

entertainment

d)

urbanisation

140.

The word rapidly in paragraph 3 is opposite in meaning to ______.

a)

seriously

b)

quickly

c)

slowly

d)

hopefully

141.

According to the paragraph 4, what is the biggest city in the world in terms of population?

a)

New York City

b)

Tokyo

c)

Mexico City

d)

Sao Paulo

142.

Which of the following is NOT true, according to the passage?

a)

By the year 2030, there will definitely be 41 megacities across the world

b)

Human settlement in cities began approximately ten thousand years ago

c)

The Industrial Revolution was the primary driver of urbanisation in the 1800s

d)

Until 250 years ago, rural regions accommodated 90% of the population

143.

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

a)

Megacities with populations over 10 million have existed for thousands of years

b)

Urbanisation was primarily driven by entertainment and education opportunities

c)

Early cities could not thrive despite their proximity to farmland and water sources

d)

Urbanisation is a continuing global trend projected to grow in the future

144.

Which of the following best summarises the passage?

a)

Urbanisation has caused rural populations to decline as people move to big cities for better opportunities and education

b)

Urbanisation is a new phenomenon that began with the Industrial Revolution and continues to grow due to modern advancements

c)

The history of urbanisation began with early cities near rivers, grew during the Industrial Revolution, and continues today with the rise of megacities

d)

Urbanisation has evolved from small agricultural settlements into megacities, driven by trade ,education, and technological advancements