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Quiz on Marxism-Leninism and the State

Total questions: 123

Worksheet time: 1hrs 4mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

What is the socio-economic form of the State?

a)

Communist socio-economic form

b)

Socio-economic form of primitive communism

c)

Socio-economic form of capitalism

d)

Socio-economic morphology Slave ownership

e)

Clan Organization in Communist Communes

2.

According to the Marxist-Leninist view of the State:

a)

The state is a natural phenomenon

b)

The state is a historical social phenomenon

c)

The state is an eternal, immutable phenomenon

d)

The state is a phenomenon that appears and exists with the emergence and existence of human social history

3.

When researching the origin of the State, which of the following assertions is false:

a)

The State was born, existed in a classed society

b)

In the period when human society did not have a class, the State did not appear

c)

The State was born, coexisted with the history of human society

d)

The state is a historical social phenomenon

4.

When studying the nature of the state, which of the following assertions is true?

a)

Any state expresses a clear class nature thanks to its social nature.

b)

Any state is only an apparatus used to maintain the dominance of one class over another

c)

Any state expresses a clear social nature thanks to the class nature.

d)

Any state expresses the nature of class and the nature of society

5.

The class nature of the state is expressed:

a)

The state is the sharpest tool for managing all aspects of social life

b)

The state is a special repressive apparatus of this class against the class different

c)

The State is a public institution to protect political security, social order and safety

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

6.

The social nature of the state is expressed:

a)

The state is a sharp tool for maintaining class domination

b)

The state is the stronghold of the majority of the working people used to suppress the exploiting minority that has been overthrown along with the reactionary criminals.

c)

The State is the apparatus to ensure social order and safety and undertake the General work of society

d)

The state is a special coercive apparatus in the hands of the ruling class

7.

Which countries have the following functions:

a)

Ensuring social order and safety

b)

Organization and management of the economy

c)

Domestic and external affairs

d)

Establishing diplomatic relations

8.

When studying the function of the state, which of the following affirmations is wrong?

a)

Internal function and external function are equally important

b)

The internal function of the state is the basis for the performance of the external function

c)

The results of the performance of the external function have an impact on the performance of the internal function

d)

The domestic function has a more important role than the external function

9.

Which of the following organizations has public powers:

a)

NGOs

b)

Corporations

c)

Vietnam Women's Union

d)

State

10.

The form of the State of Vietnam from the perspective of polity:

a)

The form of the bourgeois people's republic

b)

Limited forms of monarchy

c)

Forms of republican polity

d)

Forms of government of the people's republic

11.

The political regime of the State of Vietnam is:

a)

Slave Democracy

b)

Aristocratic democracy

c)

Bourgeois democracy

d)

Socialist democracy

12.

"The state is the apparatus used to maintain the dominance of one class over another" is the definition of:

a)

C. Mac

b)

Angghen

c)

Lenin

d)

Ho Chi Minh City

13.

Which country in this country is a federal state?

a)

Vietnam

b)

China

c)

France

d)

India

14.

Which country is this a single country?

a)

Germany

b)

Australia

c)

Singapore

d)

Norwegians

15.

Which country is not a socialist state?

a)

Vietnam

b)

China

c)

Cambodia

d)

Cuba

16.

An anti-democratic regime is

a)

Authoritarian State

b)

Violation of people's freedoms

c)

Violation of people's democratic rights

d)

All of the above sentences are true

17.

The limited form of monarchy is also known as:

a)

Forms of autocratic monarchy

b)

Forms of constitutional monarchy

c)

Forms of parliamentary monarchy

d)

Both sentences b and c are true

18.

The King's power in the form of an absolute military polity is always:

a)

Restricted

b)

Infinite

c)

Both a and b are wrong

d)

Both a and b are true

19.

The parliamentary republic is also known as:

a)

Institutional republic

b)

Unified republic

c)

Formal republican government

d)

Parliamentary monarchy

20.

Vietnam has diplomatic relations with the following regions:

a)

Asia Pacific - Europe - Americas

b)

Africa - Middle East

c)

Both a and b are true

d)

Both a and b are wrong

21.

The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam shall be elected by:

a)

All Vietnamese citizens

b)

Vietnamese people aged 18 years or older

c)

Vietnamese citizens aged 21 and above

d)

Vietnamese citizens and stateless persons

22.

One of the essences of the state is:

a)

The State has national sovereignty

b)

Sociality

c)

Setting and collecting taxes in a mandatory form

d)

All a,b,c are true

23.

Which of the following state agencies has the role of promoting the implementation of law in practice.

a)

Government

b)

Representative Agency

c)

Court

d)

All a,b,c are true

24.

The right to prosecute before the court is:

a)

The right to prosecute individuals and organizations before law

b)

People's right to complain and denounce

c)

The right to determine a crime

d)

All a,b,c are true

25.

The State apparatus of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is organized according to the principle of which:

a)

Democratic focus; Socialist legislation; Ensuring the leadership of the Communist Party

b)

State power is unified but there is assignment and coordination among the State authorities in the exercise of legislative, executive and judicial powers

c)

To ensure the mass participation of the people in the State's offices and activities.

d)

All options are correct

26.

When studying the state apparatus of Vietnam, which of the following assertions is true?

a)

The Government has the right to supervise all state activities

b)

The National Assembly is the body that holds and exercises all three powers: legislative, executive and judicial powers

27.

Which of the following assertions is true?

a)

The Government has the right to supervise all state activities

b)

The National Assembly is the body that holds and exercises all three powers: legislative, executive and judicial

c)

People's Councils are directly elected by the people

d)

People's Committees directly elected by the people

e)

The National Assembly has the right to promulgate all legal documents

28.

The exercise of power in the state of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam includes:

a)

Separation of powers

b)

Assignment, division and coordination in the exercise of state power

c)

The three legislative, executive and judicial powers are assigned separately to 3 agencies of the National Assembly, the Government and the Court

d)

Concentration of power in the National Assembly and the Government

29.

The standing bodies of the National Assembly of our country are:

a)

National Assembly Committee

b)

National Assembly Standing Committee

c)

Economic and Budget Committee

d)

Committee on Home and External Affairs

30.

When did the State of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam retain national power?

a)

In 1930

b)

Year 1945

c)

In 1954

d)

In 1975

31.

What are the principles of the organization and exercise of state power in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam?

a)

Decentralization

b)

Socialist centralization

c)

Three Separate Powers

d)

State power is concentrated in the National Assembly and the Government

32.

The essence of the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is expressed:

a)

All state power belongs to the people

b)

To be the state of the people, by the people, for the people

c)

The people are allowed to inspect and supervise the activities of state agencies

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

33.

The internal functions of the State of Vietnam are expressed:

a)

Joining international and regional organizations

b)

Organizing and managing the economy, establishing foreign relations

c)

Organization and management of economic, cultural, educational, scientific and technological aspects

d)

ensuring the order and safety of the commune and the lawful rules and interests of citizens

e)

Including A, B, C

34.

The State apparatus of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam consists of various types of official?

a)

Legislature, executive, judiciary

b)

National Assembly agencies, Government agencies, adjudicating agencies

c)

Power agencies, state management agencies, adjudicating agencies

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

35.

In the State apparatus of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the National Assembly is:

a)

The highest state authority

b)

The highest representative body of the people

c)

Agencies with constitutional and legislative powers

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

36.

The form of the territorial structure of the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is:

a)

Unitary State

b)

Federal State

c)

Union State

d)

Autonomous State

37.

The forms of government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam are:

a)

Monarchic

b)

Republic

c)

People's Republic

d)

Parliamentary monarch

38.

The President of our country has the right to:

a)

Decide on all important issues of the country

b)

Constitutional and legislative

c)

To decide on all domestic and foreign affairs on behalf of the state

d)

Constitution, laws and ordinances

39.

People's Councils at all levels are:

a)

Elected by the National Assembly

b)

Local state administrative agencies

c)

Local state power agencies

d)

Constitution-executing agencies, laws and documents of superior state agencies

40.

When studying the functions and tasks of agencies in the Vietnamese state apparatus, which of the following assertions is false?

a)

The National Assembly is the only body with legislative power

b)

The Government is the executive arm

c)

The procuracy is the only agency that has the right to prosecute offenders

d)

The court is the only organ with the right to adjudicate and enforce the judgment

41.

In the Vietnamese state apparatus, the People's Committees of the hamlets are:

a)

Local state power agencies

b)

Agencies representing the will of the people in the locality

c)

Local state administrative agencies

d)

The People's Council is the state administrative agency in the locality, representing the people in the locality

42.

The Standing Committee of the National Assembly is an agency that:

a)

System of state management agencies

b)

System of state power agencies

c)

System of adjudicating bodies

d)

System of procuratorial agencies

43.

Which agency in the Vietnamese state apparatus has an executive regulation?

a)

Congress

b)

Government

c)

Court

d)

Procuracy

44.

Which agencies in the Vietnamese state apparatus have legal regulations?

a)

National Assembly and Courts

b)

Courts and Procuratorates

c)

The National Assembly and the Government

d)

the Government and the Procuratorate.

45.

The Ministry of Industry is a subordinate agency to:

a)

Congress

b)

National Assembly Standing Committee

c)

Government

d)

State power agencies

46.

The People's Councils in the State apparatus of Vietnam are:

a)

Elected by the Government

b)

Elected by the local people

c)

Elected by the National Assembly

d)

Elected by the People's Committee

47.

The People's Committees at all levels in the Vietnamese state apparatus are:

a)

Elected by the Government

b)

Elected by the local people

c)

Elected by the National Assembly

d)

Elected by the People's Council of the same hamlet

48.

The People's Committee of the State apparatus of Vietnam is an agency that:

a)

System of State Power Agencies

b)

System of State Administrative Agencies

c)

Adjudication Agency System

d)

System of Procuracies

49.

The 12th National Assembly of our country has the following terms:

a)

2 years

b)

3 years

c)

4 years

d)

5 years

50.

The current President of Vietnam is the head of the following:

a)

Government

b)

Congress

c)

State

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

51.

The current President of Vietnam is the head of the following:

a)

Government

b)

Congress

c)

State

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

52.

In the current state apparatus of Vietnam, the President is the head of the State, on behalf of the State of the Socialist Republic. Vietnam on:

a)

Administer all activities of the country

b)

Decide on the country's most important issues

c)

Domestic and external affairs

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

53.

The reasons for the birth of the state and the law are:

a)

Completely different

b)

Completely different

c)

Due to the subjective needs of society

d)

Due to the objective needs of society

54.

What measures does the State take to propagate and disseminate the law?

a)

Through the mass media

b)

Incorporating legal knowledge into the school curriculum

c)

Put legal documents on the Internet for everyone to learn

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

55.

The Dharma Rebellion appears because:

a)

Stemming from the will of the ruling class in society

b)

The state sets itself

c)

Imposed or recognized by the State

d)

Stemming from religious customs, practices, and dogmas in society

56.

The basic attributes of the law are:

a)

Coercion

b)

Strict definition of form

c)

Normativeness and Universality

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

57.

What are the basic attributes of the Dharma?

a)

2

b)

3

c)

4

d)

5

58.

The enforceability of the law is expressed:

a)

All violations of the law are administratively sanctioned

b)

Violations of the law are subject to penalties

c)

Violations of the law are disciplined

d)

Violations of the law may be subject to sanctions

59.

The communal norms that existed in the primitive communist regime were:

a)

Moral

b)

Habit

c)

Religious dogma

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

60.

Which of the following answers shows the role of law?

a)

It is a means for the people to serve their own interests

b)

It is a means for the State to manage all aspects of social life

c)

It is a mechanism for the State to enforce on everyone in society

d)

All a, b, and c are true

61.

Which of the following is a social norm:

a)

Resolution of the People's Council

b)

Regulation of the Ministry of Education and Training

c)

Resolution of the National Assembly

d)

Charter of the Communist Party

62.

Which of the following is a legal norm:

a)

Charter of the township council

b)

Resolution of the Communist Party

c)

Resolution of the National Assembly

d)

Charter of the Communist Party

63.

Which of the following legal documents does the Ministry of Education and Training have the right to promulgate?

a)

Education Law

b)

Circular

c)

Decree

d)

Resolution

64.

Which of the following legal documents is a type of legal document?

a)

Code

b)

Constitution

c)

Resolution of the National Assembly

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

65.

Legal documents promulgated by the People's Council are:

a)

Decree

b)

Instructions

c)

Resolution

d)

Circular

66.

Legal documents with the highest legal value are:

a)

Constitution

b)

Criminal law

c)

Civil Law

d)

Constitutional Law

67.

Legal documents are document concerns due to:

a)

Promulgated by the National Assembly

b)

Competent State agencies promulgate according to certain order and procedures

c)

The Standing Committee of the National Assembly promulgates

d)

The Government promulgates

68.

The state and the law are two factors that belong to

a)

Infrastructure

b)

Superstructure

c)

Dominant production relations

d)

All three of the above sentences are wrong

69.

The feudal law expresses the will of the

a)

Landlord class

b)

Ruling class

c)

Feudal class

d)

All three of the above sentences are true

70.

How many types of laws have existed and are still existing?

a)

2

b)

3

c)

4

d)

5

71.

The legal form is the way that the ruling class uses to raise the will of his class to become a Dharma. In the history of mankind there have been . . . Legal form, it is . . .

a)

4. Legal customs, legal precedents, legal charters and legal documents

b)

3 - French customs, French precedents... Legal Documents

c)

2. Legal practices and legal documents

d)

1. Legal documents

72.

Dharma practices are:

a)

Transforming existing customs and practices into laws

b)

Transforming the habits of human behavior in history into dharma

c)

Transforming religious norms into legal norms

d)

All a,b,c are true

73.

The earliest forms of law that appeared and were widely used in slave-owning and feudal states were:

a)

Legal precedent

b)

Legal Charter

c)

French customs

d)

Legal documents

74.

According to the Marxist-Leninist view of law:

a)

Law is a historical social phenomenon

b)

Law is a social phenomenon

c)

Law is a natural phenomenon

d)

Law is a phenomenon that exists forever along with the existence of human social history

75.

The Dharma rule is:

a)

General mandatory regulations for everyone in society

b)

Coercive regulations on agencies and organizations in society

c)

Regulations promulgated by state agencies according to certain order and procedures

d)

General mandatory rules of conduct set or recognized by the state and guaranteed by the state to be implemented

76.

When studying the nature of the law, which of the following affirmations is wrong?

a)

The law is the will of the ruling class that has been put forward as a rule

b)

The law always expresses a clear class nature thanks to the social nature

c)

Law is a phenomenon that is both class and social

d)

The law is both subjective and objective

77.

The class nature of the law is expressed:

a)

The law is the will of the ruling class that is proposed to be a rule

b)

Law is a reflection of objective reality

c)

Law is an effective tool for organizing social management

d)

All a, b, and c are true

78.

Choose the best option to fill in the blank: Start word , so any country that uses the law to do means mainly to manage all aspects of social life.

4 lines
79.

The implementation of the law is ensured by:

a)

Lines and policies of the State

b)

The system of law protection agencies of the State

c)

State coercion

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

80.

The law has the following functions:

a)

It is the main means of managing all aspects of social life

b)

Regulate and protect major social relations

c)

It is the basis for perfecting the state apparatus

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

81.

The role of law is expressed:

a)

It is a mechanism for the state to enforce agencies, organizations, units and individuals in society

b)

It is the main means for the state to manage the commune

c)

It is the main means for the State to manage all aspects of social life and protect th

82.

Dharma is a means to:

a)

Protecting the legitimate rights and interests of citizens

b)

The State uses it as a public center, mainly managing all aspects of social life

c)

Perfecting the state apparatus and establishing diplomatic relations

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

83.

In which commune does the law not exist?

a)

Society without private ownership

b)

Classless society

c)

A society without a state

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

84.

Which of the following answers expresses the attributes of the dharma?

a)

Accuracy

b)

Normativeness and Universality

c)

Transparency

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

85.

When studying the attributes of the law, which of the following assertions is false?

a)

Any individual or organization that violates the law may be subject to sanctions

b)

The observance of the law often depends on the subjective will of the person

c)

Law is a measure of human behavior

d)

Law and ethics are normative

86.

Legal norms and social norms:

a)

Completely different

b)

Completely different

c)

There are similarities and differences

d)

There are only differences, there are no similarities

87.

When studying the function of law, which of the following assertions is true?

a)

The law is the protection of all relationships arising in social life

b)

The law regulates all relationships arising in social life

c)

The law strictly prohibits acts of infringing and affecting the social relations that it regulates

d)

Both A, B, and C are correct

88.

When studying the type of law, which of the following affirmations is true?

a)

Corresponding to the 5 socio-economic forms, there are 5 types of laws

b)

Corresponding to each social regime, there is a type of law

c)

Corresponding to each type of state, there is a type of law

d)

Corresponding to each socio-economic form, there is a type of law

89.

The similarities of the types of laws in history are:

a)

All are synchronous

b)

All are objective

c)

All show the will of the ruling class

d)

All show the will of the people in society

90.

The State and the law have the following relationship:

a)

As a premise

b)

Being each other's base

c)

Impact each other

d)

The above sentences are all true

91.

When researching the relationship between law and economics, which of the following assertions is false?

a)

Economics plays a prescriptive role in the law

b)

The law has nothing to do with the economy

c)

Law always has a positive impact on the development of the economy

d)

When the economy changes, it will lead to changes in the law

92.

Law and politics are two factors because:

a)

Decisive superstructure

b)

The economic infrastructure of the society determines

c)

The State decides

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

93.

When researching the relationship between law and morality, which of the following assertions is false?

a)

Law and morality are both phenomena of the superstructure

b)

Law and ethics are both formed from the reality of social life

c)

Law and ethics are both norms that have an effect on regulating human behavior in society

d)

Both law and morality are used by the state to regulate all relations that arise in social life

94.

Choose the most appropriate option to fill in the blanks: The type of law is the embodiment of the basic characteristic signs of the law, expressing the class nature and the conditions for the existence and development of the law in.

a)

A certain state

b)

In a certain historical period

c)

A certain social regime

d)

A certain socio-economic form

95.

Choose the most correct option to fill in the blanks: Form . . . . promulgated by competent state agencies in a certain order and procedure, including general codes of conduct which are applied many times in life living in a commune.

a)

Legal documents

b)

French customs

c)

Legal precedent

d)

Legal Judgment

96.

Legal documents are the most progressive form of law because:

a)

Recognized by the state from a number of customs that have been handed down in society

b)

There is always clarity, physicality, and adjustment of many social relations in different fields

c)

Increasingly widely used in many countries around the world

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

97.

The state and the law are two things:

a)

Arising together, making noise and dying

b)

There are similarities with each other and mutual influence

c)

Let's shrink the superstructure

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

98.

In the relationship between law and economics, we see that:

a)

Law and economics are both phenomena of the superstructure

b)

Law plays a role in incubating and deciding on the economy

c)

The law is both affected and dominated by the economy; At the same time, there is a

d)

The impact on the economy is very strong

99.

The relationship between law and politics is expressed:

a)

Law is the soul of politics

b)

The implementation of the law is a practice to test the correctness and effectiveness of the political line

c)

The implementation of the Party's lines, guidelines and policies must always be based on the will of the people

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

100.

Dharma and morality are two things:

a)

All are normative

b)

All are generally mandatory

c)

All are norms that exist in written form

d)

are all set or recognized by the state

101.

Which of the following is a social norm:

a)

Resolution of the People's Council

b)

Regulation of the Ministry of Education and Training

c)

Resolution of the National Assembly

d)

Charter of the Communist Party

102.

Which of the following is a legal norm:

a)

Charter of the township council

b)

Resolution of the Communist Party

c)

Resolution of the National Assembly

d)

Charter of the Communist Party

103.

The Education Law is promulgated by any of the following agencies onion?

a)

Ministry of Education and Training

b)

National Assembly Standing Committee

c)

Government

d)

Congress

104.

Which of the following legal documents does the Ministry of Education and Training have the right to promulgate?

a)

Education Law

b)

Instructions

c)

Decree

d)

Resolution

105.

Choose the correct answer for the blank space in the sentence: is a document regulating violations of the law promulgated by the National Assembly - the highest state power agency onion.

a)

Ordinance

b)

Decide

c)

Documents under the law

d)

Leg

106.

The blank space in the sentence: is a document regulating violations of the law promulgated by the National Assembly - the highest state power agency onion.

a)

Ordinance

b)

Decide

c)

Documents under the law

d)

Legal Documents

107.

Which of the following legal documents is a legal document?

a)

Laws and codes

b)

Constitution

c)

Resolution of the National Assembly

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

108.

Legal documents promulgated by the People's Council are:

a)

Decree

b)

Instructions

c)

Resolution

d)

Circular

109.

Legal documents of the highest legal value are:

a)

Constitution

b)

Criminal law

c)

Civil Law

d)

Administrative Law

110.

Law observance is a form of law implementation, in which:

a)

Legal entities conduct activities that are not prohibited by law.

b)

Legal subjects refrain from carrying out acts that are prohibited by law.

c)

Legal subjects perform their legal obligations by taking positive actions.

d)

Legal subjects exercise their subject rights as prescribed by law.

111.

Law enforcement is a form of law implementation, in which:

a)

Legal subjects perform their legal obligations by taking positive actions.

b)

Legal entities conduct activities that are not prohibited by law.

c)

Legal subjects refrain from conducting activities that are prohibited by law.

d)

Legal subjects exercise their subject rights as prescribed by law.

112.

Find the right answer for the space in the following sentence: Violation of the law is an unlawful, faulty, ......., infringing on social relations protected by law.

a)

Subjects with legal capacity to implement

b)

Subjects with behavioral capacity to perform

c)

Subjects who are full 18 years old

d)

Subjects capable of legal responsibility for the implementation of

113.

What are the basic signs of a violation of the law?

a)

2

b)

3

c)

4

d)

5

114.

Which of the following illegal acts is a form of non-action?

a)

Inciting others to steal property

b)

Death threats

c)

No tax payment

d)

Consumption of property committed by another person

115.

Which of the following acts is illegal?

a)

Acts of violating the Party's charter

b)

Acts of violating the charter of the union

c)

Attracting snails on the campus of the University of Industry

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

116.

Signs of law violations are:

a)

Human deterministic behavior

b)

Acts that are unlawful or at fault of the subject committing such acts

c)

Subjects committing illegal acts have the capacity for legal responsibility

d)

All A, B, and C are correct

117.

Mr. Nguyen Van A has the act of stealing Ms. Le Thi B's motorbike, so the object of the above law violation is:

a)

Motorcycle

b)

B's right to use the motorcycle

c)

B's right to dispose of the motorcycle

d)

Ownership of B's property

118.

When researching law violations, which of the following assertions is false?

a)

An act that may be both a violation of criminal law and a violation of administrative law

b)

An act that may be both a violation of administrative law and a violation of civil law

c)

An act that has the potential to be both a violation of civil law, an administrative law violation, a violation of discipline

d)

An act that simultaneously violates many other types of legal documents

119.

What are the types of errors?

a)

a) 2

b)

b) 3

c)

c) 4

d)

d) 5

120.

When researching law violations and legal liability, which of the following assertions is false?

a)

Violation of the law is the basis of legal liability

b)

The prosecution of legal liability has the effect of limiting law violations

c)

Legal liability only arises on the basis of law violations

d)

All violations of the law are subject to criminal liability

121.

When researching law violations and legal liability, which of the following assertions is true?

a)

All acts of violating the law shall be subject to administrative liability

b)

All violations of the law are subject to criminal liability

c)

All violations of the law are subject to disciplinary responsibility

d)

Any violation of the law can be subject to legal liability

122.

When researching law violations, which of the following assertions is true?

a)

All illegal acts infringe on social relations protected by criminal law

b)

Any act of infringing on social relations protected by law is a violation of the law

c)

All violations of the law are illegal

d)

All illegal acts are violations of the law

123.

Circulars on violations of the law are classified into the following concerns:

a)

Other crimes and violations of law

b)

Violation of criminal law; violation of civil law; violations of administrative law