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WorksheetsNSG 3280 Exam 1 Review
Total questions: 94
Worksheet time: 2hrs 34mins
The term refers to a study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings.
Pathology
Pathophysiology
Disease
Etiology
Pathophysiology is studied in terms of _____ presentation of disorders.
Complex/situational
Unexpected/diverse
Rare/intricate
What is an example of pathogenesis?
Toxin released by bacterium
Headache
Obesity and smoking
Vomiting
Individuals often vary significantly from a classic presentation, making the diagnostic process complex and challenging.
True
False
The study of causation?
Risk factor
Etiology
Idiopathic
Iatrogenic
Select a symptom:
Stomach ache
Vomiting
Heart rate 82
Weak radial pulse
Select a sign:
Nausea
Vomiting
Pain
Stomach ache
When the body is under stress what system is activated?
Gastrointestinal System
Sympathatic nervous system
Parasympathatic nervous system
Renal system
During carbon monoxide poisoning, the Hg binds to oxygen more abundantly to cause tissue damage.
True
False
When administering a hypotonic solution...
salt follows water
cellular shrinkage occurs because of accumulation of water
No osmotic gradient exists
cellular swelling occurs because of accumulation of water
A stroke patient's affected arm is smaller than the non-affected arm, why?
atrophy
hypertrophy
dysplasia
hyperplasia
The patient has increased workload of the heart, this could cause
atrophy
hypertrophy
dysplasia
anaplasia
Necrosis is a process that begins with ischemia or cell injury.
True
False
Apoptosis...
causes inflammation
is always caused by infection
causes dysplasia of cells
is programmed cell death
If cells are disorganized in appearance, this could lead to cancer cells.
True
False
Glycolysis is the metabolic process of breaking down a glucose molecule to form
CO₂ and H₂O.
2 ATP and 2 pyruvate.
30 ATP.
oxygen.
Phospholipids spontaneously form lipid bilayers because they are
polar.
charged.
insoluble.
amphipathic.
Cell-to-cell communication through secretion of chemical signals into the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body is called (a) signaling.
Ribosomes are very important organelles within the cell that have the function of
detoxifying substances.
synthesizing proteins.
converting energy to forms that can be used.
coding for protein synthesis.
The organelle that contains enzymes necessary for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP is the
mitochondria.
ribosome.
lysosome.
nucleus.
Which of the following correctly match intracellular organelles to their functions? (Select all that apply.)
Cytoskeleton: Provides a rigid boundary against cellular invasion.
Nucleus: Holds the cell’s genetic material and directs cell activity.
Golgi apparatus: Arranges the lipid bilayer according to polarity.
Lysosomes: Digests organic waste materials.
Mitochondria: Produce cellular energy in the form of ATP.
An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed
atrophy.
hypertrophy.
metaplasia.
inflammation.
Carbon monoxide injures cells by
destruction of cellular membranes.
reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin.
promotion of free radicals.
crystallization of cellular organelles.
Bacteria cause injury to cells by which mechanisms? (Select all that apply.)
Producing exotoxins
Producing endotoxins
Producing destructive enzymes
Reproducing inside of host cells altering cellular function
Evoking an immune reaction
Viruses differ from most bacteria in that they act in which of the following ways?
Enter the host cell
Directly produce free radicals
Use the host’s metabolic processes to survive and replicate
Do not induce an immune response
Do not produce toxins
Infectious injury often results from which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Exotoxins
Endotoxins
Self-destruction of cells
Anti-inflammatory reactions
Enzymes from white blood cells
The underlying pathogenic mechanism for type 1 diabetes is
pancreatic β-cell destruction.
lack of insulin receptors.
lack of exercise and chronic overeating.
impaired glucose transport into cells.
Insulin binding to its receptor on target cells results in
increased active transport of glucose into the cell.
glycogen breakdown within target cells.
increased facilitated cellular diffusion of glucose.
gluconeogenesis.
A clinical finding consistent with a hypoglycemic reaction is
acetone breath.
warm, dry skin.
tremors.
hyperventilation
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is often associated with
nonketotic hyperosmolality.
childhood.
autoimmune destruction of the pancreas.
ketoacidosis.
A type of insulin that would be most appropriate for acute management of hyperglycemia is
NPH.
Semilente.
regular.
Ultralente.
The breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver and muscles is called
glycolysis
glycogenesis
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
In diabetic ketoacidosis, respiratory compensation may occur through a process of
respiratory alkalosis
respiratory acidosis
metabolic acidosis
metabolic alkalosis
The underlying pathogenic mechanism for type 2 diabetes is
pancreatic β-cell destruction
insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction
lack of exercise and chronic overeating.
impaired glucose transport into cells.
What is the most powerful predictor of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Aging
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
Cardiovascular disease
Which are clinical findings usually associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus? (Select all that apply.)
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Obesity
Weight gain
Which therapies would be appropriate for a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus? (Select all that apply.)
Carbohydrate counting
High-protein diet
Daily exercise
Insulin
Oral hypoglycemic agents
Which are hormones that increase serum glucose level? (Select all that apply.)
Vasopressin
Glucagon
Growth hormone
Catecholamines
Corticosteroid
Which are microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus? (Select all that apply.)
Cardiovascular disease
Retinopathy
Nephropathy
Neuropathy
Stroke
Which insulin types are considered rapid-acting? (Select all that apply.)
NPH
Aspart
Glargine
Lispro
Regular
Starvation is associated with
loss of visceral protein.
low serum albumin levels.
loss of somatic fat and protein.
generalized edema.
The process of metabolizing proteins to provide energy is called
glycolysis.
gluconeogenesis.
proteolysis.
The process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources is called
glycolysis
gluconeogenesis
proteolysis
glycogenolysis.
Acute physiologic stress is associated with
preferential use of glycogen
catabolism of body proteins
decreased basal metabolic rate
conservation of body energy stores
The main source of energy for the body comes from
proteins
fats
carbohydrates
water
During times of fasting, the body uses _______ as a source of energy.
protein
carbohydrates
glucagon
A body mass index of 25.5 is considered to be
morbidly obese
normal
overweight
obese
Pathophysiology includes all of the following elements except:
etiology.
clinical manifestations.
mechanisms of pathogenesis.
clinical management.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disorder in which immune cells are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and are subsequently destroyed, leading to increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. What is the etiologic factor in AIDS?
Increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections
Destruction of immune cells
Human immunodeficiency virus
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Understanding the epidemiology of a disease is essential for effective:
prevention.
therapy.
treatment.
diagnosis.
Which of the following is an example of primary prevention?
Childhood immunization for communicable diseases
Routine Papanicolaou (Pap) smear of the cervix
Amniocentesis to detect genetic abnormality in the fetus
Range-of-motion exercises to reverse disuse atrophy in the stroke patient
Examples of factors influencing epidemiologic patterns include all of the following except:
geographic location.
occupation.
socioeconomic status.
intelligence.
Which of the following is an example of a clinical sign of disease?
Fatigue
Dizziness
Cough
Pain
The development of heart failure from untreated hypertension would be an example of a/an:
sequela.
exacerbation.
complication.
chronic phase.
Evidence-based treatments are:
derived from an understanding of pathophysiology.
based on the results of sound clinical research.
drawn from anecdotal reports about what treatment is effective.
based on personal experience.
Which of the following findings would indicate that a patient may be experiencing a “fight-or-flight” reaction to a stressor?
Constricted pupils
Low blood pressure
Increased heart rate
Frequent sighing or yawning
In which of Selye’s stages of stress response would a patient be if he or she were experiencing gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to peptic ulcer disease?
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
Illness
A stressor that stimulates the release of endorphins in the central nervous system is likely to be interpreted as
pleasurable.
painful.
unimportant.
noxious.
Several hormones are released during stress and serve to increase blood glucose levels. These include all of the following except
cortisol.
growth hormone.
epinephrine.
testosterone.
Indicators that a person who is experiencing stress has achieved resistance include
elevated levels of serum cortisol.
heart rate returned to baseline.
sleepiness.
absence of catecholamine secretion.
Behavioral indicators that coping is ineffective include all of the following except
sleeping more.
major depression.
inability to concentrate.
anorexia.
The effects of gender on the stress response are
greatest in the elderly.
related to the effect of sex hormones.
noncontributory.
consistent across the lifespan.
Cortisol
is released from the anterior pituitary gland.
has an anabolic effect on somatic muscle.
promotes the creation of glucose from amino acids.
increases lactate formation.
Growth hormone release is increased by stress, and one of its effects is
increased glucose availability.
increased protein catabolism.
decreased perception of stress.
decreased endorphin release.
Which of the following tissues has a limited capacity for replacement of damaged cells?
Epithelium
Smooth muscle
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
Apoptosis is a physiologic process in which a cell
divides to form two identical daughter cells.
undergoes programmed cell death.
becomes malignant.
converts to a different cell type.
Hydropic swelling is a sign of cellular injury associated with
necrosis.
Na+ K+ pump dysfunction.
apoptosis.
aging.
Which of the following is not a reversible cellular adaptation?
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Necrosis
Glandular tissue normally responds to increased functional demand by
hypertrophy.
hyperplasia.
metaplasia.
neoplasia.
Ischemic death of tissue in visceral organs such as the heart typically produces
coagulative necrosis.
liquefactive necrosis.
caseous necrosis.
fat necrosis.
Cellular injury that results in the production of excessive serum lactate levels is attributable to
immunologic injury.
nutritional injury.
hypoxic injury.
mechanical injury.
Age-related changes in body systems can be described as
disease processes.
decreased functional reserve.
reversible injury.
compensatory.
When muscle cells decrease in size because of prolonged bed rest, this is called
disuse atrophy.
disuse hypertrophy.
denervation atrophy.
ischemic atrophy.
Hypoxia caused by ischemia results in all of the following except
reduced ATP production.
lactic acidosis.
hydropic swelling.
increased membrane pump activity.
All of the following hormones increase blood glucose levels except
cortisol.
oxytocin.
growth hormone.
norepinephrine.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus differs from type 2 in that type 1 is
usually diagnosed in middle or later adulthood.
associated with insulin resistance.
the most common form of diabetes.
from an absolute deficiency of insulin production.
Ketoacidosis is uncommon in type 2 diabetes because
dehydration is less severe.
endogenous insulin prevents lipolysis and production of ketone bodies.
metabolic acidosis does not occur.
liver breakdown of stored glycogen does not produce fatty acids.
Women who develop gestational diabetes
will probably remain diabetic following delivery of their babies.
give birth to babies with low birth weights who are hyperglycemic.
are primarily treated with any of the available oral agents.
are likely to experience it with subsequent pregnancies.
Microvascular complications occurring with chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus include all of the following except
peripheral arterial disease.
retinopathy.
nephropathy.
neuropathy.
A sign of early diabetic nephropathy is
anuria.
glycosuria.
hypertension.
microalbuminuria.
Neuropathy of sensory nerves seen in diabetes mellitus is usually
bilateral and may affect hands and feet.
asymptomatic, painless.
completely reversible with better diabetes management.
controlled by medications that increase insulin production.
Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed when two fasting blood glucose samples are found to be greater than or equal to
100 mg/dL.
110 mg/dL.
126 mg/dL.
140 mg/dL.
Exercise for the patient with type 2 diabetes may result in
improved renal function.
decreased insulin resistance.
decreased risk of eating disorder development.
increased low-density lipid levels.
Signs or symptoms of hypoglycemia include all of the following except
pallor.
tremors.
fever.
altered consciousness.
Which of the following is true regarding complications of diabetes in children?
Neuropathies are common and develop early in the disease.
Diabetic ketoacidosis rarely occurs.
Dehydration is a major concern when hyperglycemia is severe.
Manifestations of hypoglycemia in very young children are identical to those seen in adults.
In the elderly population, complications of diabetes and aging increase the risk for the development of
hyperglycemia.
hypoglycemia.
diabetic ketoacidosis.
heart disease.
Measures of glycosylated hemoglobin, such as hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), are used to monitor blood glucose control over the past
24 hours.
week.
month.
3 months.
Many diabetic patients are managed with basal-bolus insulin therapy, in which a long-acting insulin covers _______________ needs for insulin.
basal
acute
nighttime
mealtime
All of the following complications of diabetes mellitus result from excessive insulin exposure that contributes to macrovascular atherosclerosis except
coronary artery disease.
peripheral arterial disease.
stroke.
retinopathy.
Polyuria associated with diabetes is due to
the polydipsia.
the osmotic effects of glycosuria.
increased protein catabolism.
the loss of electrolytes.
Excessive ketone production may produce what laboratory finding?
Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
Decreased hematocrit
Decreased pH
Increased BUN level
The rapid, deep respirations associated with ketoacidosis (Kussmaul respirations) are the result of the body’s attempt to
compensate for metabolic acidosis.
combat hypoxemia.
increase the partial pressure of oxygen.
improve the level of consciousness.
In type 1 diabetes, insulin therapy will be required. All of the following statements regarding pediatric considerations in the administration of insulin and monitoring of blood glucose levels are true except
adequate treatment is essential to ensure normal growth and maturation.
insulin injections should be given only in the abdomen.
an intensive regimen of at least three injections per day helps to avoid chronic complications.
if doses are very small, a diluent may be needed to ensure adequate drug delivery.
The best laboratory test to monitor how well blood sugar levels are being managed over time is
testing for glucose in the urine.
the fasting blood glucose level.
spot checking the blood glucose level.
the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) test.
