The belief that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to determine the existence of a Creator, who does not intervene in the universe. It influenced many Enlightenment thinkers, including several of the Founding Fathers of the United States. It promoted a rational approach to religion, separating faith from dogma and clerical authority.

This is an artistic and intellectual movement that emerged in Europe in the late 18th century. It was a reaction to the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution, and emphasized the importance of imagination, emotion, and nature.

A sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations or supranational groups.

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

open to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values.

An ideology that advocates for women's rights based on their roles as mothers and caregivers, emphasizing the importance of women's influence in the domestic and public spheres. It played a significant role in the early women's rights movement, arguing for women's social and political rights based on their maternal responsibilities and moral authority.

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

“We swear never to separate and to meet wherever circumstances require until the kingdom's Constitution is established and grounded on solid foundations.”

On July 14, 1789, fears that King Louis XVI was about to arrest France's newly constituted National Assembly led a crowd of Parisians to successfully besiege this military installation, an old fortress that had been used since 1659 as a state prison.

A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male/female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas.

An ethnocultural nationalist movement that emerged in Europe in the late 19th century and aimed for the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people through the colonization of Palestine.

French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government.

created the idea of free will, the idea that people act collectively without government intervention

Enlightenment document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Published in 1789, this document serves a framework of government that provides for separation of powers, checks and balances, and individual rights.

Adopted in 1789 during the French Revolution, it outlined the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals, emphasizing liberty, equality, and fraternity. This document became a cornerstone of modern human rights and democratic principles, influencing future declarations and constitutions globally.

A comprehensive reformation and codification of French civil law, this code was enacted in March 21, 1804, after a three-year period of 87 sessions.

Known as the father of modern political Zionism, this man was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish journalist, lawyer, writer, playwright and political activist.

Took place in upstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804.

(1774-1792), reinstated old parliaments, minister of finance attempted to impose a general tax on all landed property, attempted to dismiss the notables and establish new taxes by decree, calls a meeting of the Estates-General, forces the National Assembly to meet as a single body, forced to accept a constitutional monarchy, sentenced to death by the National Convention

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution; his execution ended the Reign of Terror.

Russian ruler that advocated Russia, Prussia and Austria would combine in defense of Christianity, conservatism, and to halt revolutions at the 1815 Congress of Vienna.

Born as slave and eventually becomes freed. Haitian slave general in the north, head of the rebel army. Wants liberty and equality

Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions

A Zapotec, he was the first Indigenous president of Mexico and the first democratically elected Indigenous president in the postcolonial Americas

A Venezuelan Statesmen, he became the most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Led Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia in independence

An Italian statesman that leads nationalist movement for unification of Italy (1859 - 1870)

An Italian general, revolutionary and republican, he contributed to Italian unification and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy and is considered to be one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland"

(1815-1898) German prime minister who intentionally provoked three wars to provide the people with a sense of nationalism.

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

The politics of reality, based on practical concerns rather than theory or ethics.

An economic and political system advocating for collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods. These ideas influenced labor movements, social reforms, and the development of welfare states, seeking to address economic inequalities and promote social justice.

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

A French political, economic and socialist theorist and businessman that influenced politics, economics, sociology and the philosophy of science in the 18th century.

A French philosopher, an influential early socialist thinker, and one of the founders of utopian socialism.

A French socialist politician, journalist and historian that called for the creation of cooperatives in order to guarantee employment for the urban poor.

A socialist society founded in 1884 in London, having as its goal the establishment of a democratic socialist state in Great Britain.

A branch of liberalism that advocates free market and laissez-faire economics and civil liberties under the rule of law, with special emphasis on individual autonomy, limited government, economic freedom, political freedom and freedom of speech.