Sparked by Francisco (a)   , a member of an extremely wealthy landowning family in the northern state of Coahuila, the Revolution was at first a narrow political fight against Porfirio Díaz, who had been in direct or indirect control of the country since 1876.

Díaz's tenure in office was known as the (a)   because he had pursued an ambitious developmentalist program to turn Mexico into a modern economy integrated into expanding global markets.

[The Porfiriato] involved (a) the construction of thousands of kilometers of railroads, (b) the privatization of government lands known as (a)   , (c) the breakup of communally-held lands and the indigenous villages that worked them, and (d) the transition to a commodity-exporting economy. Wealthy landowners and land companies, many foreign, were the beneficiaries of these policies and were able to accumulate vast swathes of territory

(a)   were not the only sector of Mexican society to experience economic hardship as a result of Díaz's program. Industrial laborers faced terrible working conditions. Mexican workers were often discriminated against and received lower pay than foreign counterparts (typically Americans) working in the same factories.

Díaz resigned as president after losing Juárez and left in exile for France in 1911. (a)   was officially elected president in October 1911

On November 25, Zapata published the (a)   . It called for the continuation of the revolutionary struggle against Madero, whom he deemed a traitor, and agrarian reform.

In 1913, Victoriano (a)   took the presidency by military coup. Madero, who had resigned, was assassinated anyway. Huerta's regime was opposed by Zapata, Villa, and Venustiano Carranza, as well as the United States, which occupied the strategic port of Veracruz.

In 1914, Huerta was forced to resign, and Carranza became president. Villa and Zapata broke with Carranza to form the (a)   Army and fight against Carranza's Constitutionalists. The United States and other foreign powers recognized the Carranza government, which by 1917 was able to draft a new national constitution.

[Carranza] distributed little land and in 1919 ordered the assassination of Zapata. In 1920, he was overthrown by the final military coup of the Revolution, and ____ ____ was elected president

(a)  

In 1934, Lázaro (a)   , arguably Mexico's most popular president and that most closely associated with the popular promise of the revolution, was elected. He redistributed large amounts of land, though much was of poor quality; nationalized major industries, most famously oil; and promoted local public works, public education, and the interests of indigenous peoples.

The centrality of the Revolution to many of the conflicts between the government and its opponents is striking. The best-known example is the 1994 uprising of (a)   , whose name harks to that of Zapata's supporters at the start of the twentieth century and who launched their movement on the day the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) went into effect