In this topology, each computer is connected to a single cable, and all data travels along this cable. If the cable fails, the entire network goes down.

This type of network topology connects each node to every other node, allowing for multiple paths for data to travel.

forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer, with the last one (1) connected to the first—exactly two (2) neighbors for each device

In this network topology, nodes are arranged in a hierarchical structure, resembling a tree. It allows for the expansion of the network by adding more nodes.

– it consists of a mix of two (2) different types of topologies merging as one network.

In this topology, some systems are connected in the same fashion as mesh topology, but some devices are only connected to two (2) or three (3) devices.

each node or device is connected.

It applies to homes. It works independently and needs to be configured separately. It has simple functions and low costs

applies to medium- and large-sized enterprises.

This refers to a sign or indication that conveys information about something or that tells someone to do something.

It is generally deployed at the aggregation layer of the entire network.

This refers to an event or act, which shows that something exists or that gives information about something.

This refers to a detectable physical quantity or impulse (as a voltage, current, or magnetic field strength) by which messages or information can be transmitted via telegraphy, telephony, radio, radar, or television.

It refers to disturbances in that energy to travel through a medium from one location to another.

It refers to the horizontal distance of a wave from a point to the corresponding point on the next wave.

It refers to a vertical distance from a given point on the wave from the horizontal axis.

It describes the position of the waveform relative to time zero; it is a measurement of the delay of the wave relative to some fixed reference point or another sine wave.

It refers to the number of waves made per second or as cycles per second.

This refers to the amount of time (expressed in seconds) required to complete one (1) full cycle.

It is a wave in which both the amplitude and time continuously vary over their respective intervals that results in a wavy characteristic. Examples of this wave include the human voice and music.

e is a connection wherein data flows in one (1) direction only (unidirectional). This type is either transmit-only or receive-only

It is a connection wherein data can flow in both directions, but not simultaneously (both at the same time) over a shared physical medium.

It is a connection wherein data simultaneously flows in both directions

It is a transmission in which data with each bit lining up in a series as the bits are sent over a single wire at a time

It is a transmission wherein a group of bits is sent simultaneously, but each uses a different channel.

30 Hz - 300 Hz

300 Hz - 3 kHz

3 KHz - 30 KHz

30 KHz - 300 KHz

300 KHz - 3 MHz

3 MHz - 30 MHz

30 MHz - 300 MHz

3 MHz - 30 MHz

30 MHz - 300 MHz

300 MHz - 3 GHz

3 GHz - 30 GHz

0.3 THz - 300 THz

0.3 PHz - 3 PHz