The single-layered structure of cell membranes, composed of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

The double-layered structure of cell membranes, composed of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

A rigid structure that provides support to the cell, made of proteins and carbohydrates.

A fluid mosaic model that describes the arrangement of proteins in the cell wall.

Movement from areas of high solute concentration to areas of low solute concentration.

Movement from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration.

Movement from areas of equal solute concentration to areas of low solute concentration.

Movement from areas of high solute concentration to areas of equal solute concentration.

Molecules that dissolve easily in water

Molecules that repel water and do not dissolve in it, usually nonpolar (e.g., fats, oils)

Molecules that are attracted to water and dissolve in it

Molecules that are polar and mix well with water

Covalent bonds where electrons are shared equally (e.g., C-C, C-H).

Ionic bonds where electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

Polar covalent bonds with unequal sharing of electrons.

Metallic bonds where electrons are pooled among many atoms.

Side chains in proteins that help them embed in or interact with the membrane.

A type of lipid that forms the bilayer of membranes.

Proteins that are only found on the surface of membranes.

Carbohydrates that are attached to membrane proteins.

Movement of substances against their concentration gradient with energy input.

Movement of substances down their concentration gradient without energy input.

Movement of substances in and out of the cell using vesicles.

Movement of substances that requires active energy expenditure.

The tendency of nonpolar molecules to clump together in water.

The attraction between polar molecules in a solution.

The repulsion of water by ionic compounds.

The mixing of oil and water to form a stable solution.

A functional group that makes molecules more hydrophobic.

A functional group that increases solubility in water.

A functional group that is always polar.

A functional group that decreases molecular weight.

A functional group that can donate a hydrogen ion (H⁺), making a molecule acidic.

A functional group that accepts a hydrogen ion (H⁺), making a molecule basic.

A functional group that is non-polar and does not interact with water.

A functional group that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

The process of a cell releasing materials through vesicles.

The process of a cell taking in materials through vesicles.

The process of a cell dividing into two daughter cells.

The process of a cell converting energy from sunlight.

Water is a non-polar molecule due to equal sharing of electrons.

Water is a polar molecule due to the uneven sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen.

Water has no charge and is neutral in polarity.

Water is a polar molecule because it contains only hydrogen atoms.

The sequence of amino acids in a protein.

The overall 3D shape of a protein, stabilized by interactions between R-groups (side chains).

The arrangement of multiple protein subunits in a complex.

The linear sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

Covalent bonds where electrons are shared equally, creating no charges.

Covalent bonds where electrons are shared unequally, creating partial charges (e.g., O-H, N-H, C-O, C-N, C=O).

Ionic bonds where electrons are transferred completely from one atom to another.

Metallic bonds where electrons are delocalized and shared among many atoms.

Water molecules sticking to each other via hydrogen bonds.

Water molecules repelling each other due to surface tension.

Water molecules forming a solid structure in ice.

Water molecules evaporating into the atmosphere.

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large vacuole.

Animal cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large vacuole.

Plant cells do not have a cell wall, chloroplasts, or a large vacuole.

Animal cells have a large vacuole, but plant cells do not.

A model describing the rigid structure of cell walls.

A model describing the flexible, dynamic nature of cell membranes.

A model explaining the process of photosynthesis in plants.

A model illustrating the genetic makeup of organisms.

Strong bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

Weak bonds between hydrogen in one molecule and an electronegative atom in another (e.g., O or N).

Covalent bonds formed between hydrogen and carbon.

Ionic bonds between hydrogen and halogens.

A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell, causing water to leave the cell.

A solution with the same solute concentration as the cell, causing no net movement of water.

A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell, causing water to enter the cell.

A solution that is completely devoid of solutes, causing cells to burst.

The reaction that joins monomers into polymers by removing water.

A process that breaks down polymers into monomers by adding water.

A method of synthesizing proteins from amino acids without water.

A reaction that occurs only in the presence of heat.