broad conclusion without enough data to support the claim

argues that a claim must be true because it has not been proven false

something must be true, good, or right just because many people believe or do it.

a relatively small action will lead to a chain of extreme consequences, without sufficient evidence

incorrectly assumes that because one event happened before another, the first event must have caused the second.

Misrepresents an argument to make it easier to attack. Instead of debating the actual argument, they create a weaker version of it.

the conclusion of an argument is assumed in its premise, rather than being supported by independent evidence.

argues that a claim is true simply because an authority or expert says so, without providing further evidence or reasoning.

only two options are presented as the only possible choices, when in reality, there are other alternatives.

distraction or misleading piece of information meant to divert attention from the main issue.

the argument's conclusion is not supported by the evidence or reasoning presented. “Does not follow.”