SELECT MULTIPLE: which of the following plays a role in the respiratory defense system?

A 26-year-old female with asthma is experiencing bronchoconstriction during an attack induced from a run. She feels short of breath and it sounds like her lungs are wheezing. She carries albuterol, a medication that targets specific receptors on the bronchioles to induce bronchodilation. Which type of receptor is primarily responsible for this effect?

TRUE OR FALSE: gas exchange occurs in the conducting zone

What is the function of type II pneumocytes?

How does surfactant decrease the surface tension of water?

TRUE OR FALSE: the diaphragm is relaxed during inhalation.

What is the primary effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on the bronchioles?

A 75-year-old male with a history of chronic anemia and cardiovascular disease visits the Mayo Clinic complaining of fatigue and shortness of breath during mild activity, such as going to the GCU men's basketball games. Blood tests reveal a lower-than-normal hemoglobin concentration and reduced oxygen saturation in systemic tissues. The doctor notes that the patient has a problem with internal respiration. Based on your understanding of internal respiration, which of the following best explains why this patient is experiencing these symptoms?

Which of the following muscles are involved with QUIET exhalation?

A 55-year old female presented to the emergency room following a traumatic bike accident where she fell over the handlebars resulting in four fractured ribs. The rough edge of the ribs punctured the pleura of her lungs. The hole in the pleura resulted in the intrapleural pressure being greater than the intrapulmonary pressure. What lung pathology would you expect and why?

TRUE OR FALSE: the intrapleural pressure creates a negative pressure, which pulls the lungs outward, preventing collapse.

SELECT MULTIPLE: During inspiration, what changes do you expect?

A 21-year-old GCU athlete is practicing deep breathing exercises. As he inhales, his diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of his thoracic cavity. This results in a decrease in intrapulmonary pressure, allowing air to flow into his lungs. Which principle best explains this relationship between lung volume and pressure?

Which muscle is primarily responsible for inhalation?

A 77-year old patient is undergoing a pulmonary function test (PFT). The respiratory therapist determines that the patient's respiratory rate is 20 breaths per minute and the tidal volume is 500 mL. What is the patient's pulmonary ventilation?

Which of the following correct describes vital capacity?

Which letter corresponds with expiratory reserve volume?

SELECT MULTIPLE: describe the movement of gases during external respiration.

A 52-year-old runner is competing in a marathon. As his muscles work harder, his blood pH decreases due to increased CO₂ production. This causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen to the tissues. What change occurs in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to facilitate this increased oxygen delivery and what is the name of this change?

An 11-year old patient in the medical surgical unit starts hyperventilating. As a nurse on the unit, you think back to your BIO-202 days and remember that this causes a hypocapnic state. What change do you expect to see in the patient's pH and how would the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve shift?

What is the Haldane effect?

Which respiratory center in the brain is responsible for quiet breathing?

A 60-year-old patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is experiencing difficulty breathing. The physician notes that the patient’s blood oxygen levels are low, which activates receptors in the body to send signals to the brain to increase the breathing rate. Which type of receptors are responsible for sensing these changes and providing feedback to modify the patient's breathing?

A 45-year-old patient is experiencing indigestion after eating a large meal. As a recently graduated GCU nurse, you explain that when food enters the stomach, the cells in the gastric pits release various enzymes and acids to help break down the food. What term describes the process by which these enzymes and acids are released into the digestive tract?

SELECT MULTIPLE: Which enzymes are NOT released in saliva?

TRUE OR FALSE: segmentation is the wave of contraction in circular muscles in the esophagus that force a bolus forward.

A 31-year-old patient presents with symptoms of fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. After conducting blood tests, the patient is diagnosed with pernicious anemia, a condition where the body cannot absorb vitamin B12 due to a lack of intrinsic factor. What is the best explanation for the patient to understand the physiology of their issue?

Gastrin is a hormone that functions to help in the digestive process by stimulating acid production and increasing gastric motility. Which of the following specialized cells in the stomach are responsible for secreting gastrin?

What converts pepsinogen into its active form and what is the active enzyme called?

SELECT MULTIPLE: Which of the following are brush border enzymes?

A patient is experiencing digestive issues after eating a large meal, with symptoms including nausea and abdominal discomfort. The doctor suspects that there may be an issue with the secretion of certain digestive hormones. Which hormone, released by the small intestine, plays a key role in stimulating the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes in response to food intake?

Which nervous system innervates the digestive tract to initiate smooth muscle contractions?

A 40-year-old visits her doctor complaining of abdominal pain, especially after eating fatty meals like GCU campus Chick-fil-A nuggies. She also reports nausea and occasional bloating. After a series of tests, including an ultrasound, she is diagnosed with gallstones. Her doctor explains that these stones are blocking the normal flow of bile, leading to her digestive discomfort. What is the primary function of bile in digestion, and how might its blockage contribute to these symptoms?

TRUE or FALSE: enteropeptidase converts trypsin into trypsinogen, the active enzyme.

Which of the following cells in the pancreas are primarily responsible for secreting digestive enzymes that help break down food in the small intestine?

A 32-year-old experiences frequent heartburn and indigestion after eating large meals. His doctor conducts some tests and finds that his stomach acid levels are unusually high. Upon further investigation, the doctor explains that the hormone secretin, is not being secreted adequately. As a result, the stomach continues to produce excess acid, leading to his digestive discomfort. What is the primary role of secretin in the digestive system?

SELECT MULTIPLE: Which three vitamins are produced in the large intestine?

A 24-year old is hospitalized due to dehydration after experiencing prolonged diarrhea from a bacterial infection. Her doctor explains that the digestive system is efficient at reabsorbing water to maintain proper hydration. However, her intestines were not reabsorbing water effectively due to the rapid transit time of food through the digestive tract. The doctor further explains that, under normal circumstances, 90% of the water from digested food is reabsorbed in a specific part of the digestive system. Where in the digestive system is 90% of water reabsorbed?