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WorksheetsPS241 Exam 2 Review
Total questions: 44
Worksheet time: 43mins
A child tries to sit in a doll-sized chair. This is an example of:
Visual cliff error
Grasping reflex
Motor milestone
Scale error
Why do many infant reflexes temporarily disappear around 2 months of age?
The reflexes are completely lost due to brain changes
Infants lose interest in reflexive actions
Reflexes are no longer needed
Reflexes become harder to perform due to rapid body growth
In the kitten carousel experiment, two kittens received the same amount of visual input, but only one could move around freely while the other was passively carried. Why did only the active kitten respond normally to depth cues like the visual cliff?
It was genetically smarter
It had stronger muscles
It actively paired moving with visual input
It received more light exposure
What likely explains why infants wearing diapers walk with a wider gait but still develop normal walking later on?
The motor system is flexible and adapts over time
Diapers permanently impair balance
Early walking must occur without clothes
Infants learn to ignore discomfort
Infants given early experience in reaching by wearing "sticky mittens" with Velcro (which allowed them to pick up Velcro objects)
Reached independently at the same time as peers who were not given the "sticky mitten" intervention.
Had increased interest in object exploration.
Were delayed in their ability to reach independently.
Had decreased interest in object exploration.
In one study, 8-month-old infants saw a box with 70 red balls and 5 white balls. An experimenter closed her eyes and pulled out 4 white balls. The infants looked longer at this outcome. What does this behavior demonstrate?
Habituation
Instrumental conditioning
Surprise at a statistically unlikely event
Inability to reason about numbers
What is the role of positive reinforcement in instrumental conditioning?
Encouraging a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus
Punishing undesirable behavior
Conditioning through visual cues
Strengthening a behavior by providing a rewarding outcome
Which concept refers to the action possibilities that an environment offers an individual based on their physical abilities?
Motor milestones
Reflex conditioning
Affordances
Scale errors
What does the concept of dual representation refer to?
Children learning through both hearing and seeing
Children understanding that a symbol can be both an object and a representation
Children learning two meanings for one word
Children using two languages to describe one object
Why do researchers say sound is “continuous” but phoneme perception is “categorical”?
Because people cannot perceive phonemes without visual input
Because sound travels in waves and phonemes travel in chunks
Because babies make sounds constantly but only respond to certain words
Because although sound physically changes gradually, our brain groups them into discrete phoneme categories
The smallest units of meaning in a language are called
Phonemes.
Syntax.
Morphemes.
Semantics.
Two-year-old Annie says things like "more juice" and "hurt knee." She is demonstrating
Telegraphic speech
Mapping
Over-regularization
Collective monologues
In a false-belief Smarties task, a 3-year-old is shown a Smarties box containing pencils. Then, they are asked what another child—who hasn’t seen inside—will think is in the box. If the child does not yet have false-belief understanding, what will they say?
"Pencils”
“Smarties”
“Nothing”
“Crayons”
In comparison with human language learning, which statement is TRUE about nonhuman animals' ability to learn language?
Animals who live with humans master complex language skills as easily as human toddlers do.
Animals who have been able to learn symbols still show little evidence of syntactic structure.
Rico, a border collie (dog), learned to recognize complex sentences in English.
Alex, an African-gray parrot, learned to produce and understand English utterances at the level of a human adolescent.
A child understands that a dog is an animal, but also that a poodle is a type of dog. This shows an understanding of:
Conceptual bias
Category hierarchies
Causal hierarchy
Functional essentialism
A baby hears an adult say “Look, a modi!” while the adult looks into a bucket. The baby assumes “modi” refers to what's inside. What does this illustrate?
The infant understands mutual exclusivity
The infant relies on pragmatic cues like gaze and attention
The infant has object permanence
The infant is showing overextension
In a variation of the Woodward paradigm, when a stick (instead of a hand) moved toward the teddy bear, infants did not show surprise when the stick moved to a new object. What does this imply?
Infants did not interpret the stick as an agent
Infants only track sound, not movement
Infants prefer toys over sticks
Infants cannot process multiple stimuli
A child sees a toy they know the name of, and an unfamiliar object. When asked “Where’s the blicket?”, they point to the unfamiliar one. Which bias does this illustrate?
Mutual exclusivity
Distributional cue
Shape bias
What is pragmatics?
Phoneme identification
Grammar rules for sentence structure
Social rules for using language in context
Word pronunciation techniques
A child says, “My toy breaked.” What term best describes this error?
Pragmatic cue
Prosody
Overregularization
Underextension
In Wynn’s (1992) addition study, infants watched a doll placed behind a screen, then another doll was added. When the screen was lowered, infants looked longer:
When only one doll was present
When the dolls were holding hands
When a new toy was added
When the dolls were different colors
What is 'essentialism' in children’s thinking?
Believing objects are defined by their use
Believing all living things share a magical essence
Believing living things have an internal essence that makes them what they are
Believing only visible traits matter to category structures
In an experiment where infants were placed in a room with a moving wall, sighted infants fell backward when the walls moved. This shows that:
Infants don’t use vision to balance
Visual input affects infants’ balance
Balance is unaffected by perception
Reflexes override visual cues
In a study on infant speech perception, 1-month-old infants were played a repeated phoneme like /ba/, and their sucking rate was measured. When the phoneme was switched to /pa/, sucking increased again. What did this experiment reveal about infant auditory processing?
Infants can imitate adult speech sounds
Infants can distinguish between all vowel sounds
Infants require visual cues to learn new phonemes
Infants perceive speech sounds categorically, not continuously
What does 'syntactic bootstrapping' refer to?
Using body cues to infer word meaning
Using sentence structure to infer word meaning
Labeling new objects by trial and error
Learning grammar by correcting mistakes
A 6-month-old English-learning infant can distinguish between two Hindi phonemes, but by 12 months, cannot. What is this an example of?
Instrumental conditioning
Rational learning
Perceptual narrowing
Habituation
A child calls all four-legged animals “dog.” This is an example of:
Telegraphic speech
Mutual exclusivity
Categorical perception
Overextension
Which statement best reflects the dynamic systems approach to motor development?
Motor skills are entirely innate and unfold automatically
Motor development occurs independently of sensory input
Brain maturation is the only factor that influences movement
Motor development results from the integration of brain growth, body changes, and experience
A preschooler sees a peer accidentally knock over their blocks. The child believes the peer did it “on purpose.” What is this an example of?
Self-socialization
Theory of mind
Hostile attribution bias
Aggression imitation
What is the difference between imitation and emulation?
A. Imitation is more accurate
B. Emulation requires verbal instruction
C. Imitation copies all actions, emulation focuses on the goal
D. Emulation is unique to humans
Imitation is more accurate than emulation
Emulation requires verbal instruction
Imitation copies all actions, emulation focuses on the goal
Emulation is unique to humans
According to Chomsky’s nativist view, all languages share common principles and rules that govern their use. This phenomenon is called _____ grammar.
Syntactic
Transactive
Pancultural
Universal
What is infant-directed speech?
Speech with higher pitch and exaggerated intonation
Rapid-fire, monotone speech to infants
Speech with complex grammar used for teaching infants
Adult-to-adult casual conversation
Which of the following best describes key components of Theory of Mind?
A. Understanding sensory perception and reflexes
B. Recognizing that people have beliefs, desires, goals, and intentions that influence their actions ✅
C. Learning to imitate others’ behavior
D. Understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight
Understanding sensory perception and reflexes
Learning to imitate others’ behavior in order to learn new skills
Understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight
Recognizing that other people have beliefs, desires, goals, and intentions that may differ from your own
In Woodward’s (1998) hand-reaching study, infants repeatedly saw a hand reach for a teddy bear. Then, the bear and ball switched places. If the hand reached to the new location (where the ball now was), what did infants do, and what does this suggest?
Showed no difference in looking time, suggesting they interpreted the reach as a simple motor movement with no specific goal.
Began reaching for both toys themselves, indicating they were imitating the behavior rather than interpreting the actor’s goal.
Looked longer, showing surprise and suggesting that they interpreted the hand’s action as goal-directed rather than just movement
Focused only on the hand movement, implying they did not encode or care about the object being reached for.
In the Helper-Hinderer study, infants watched a character (shape) try to climb a hill. One figure helped, and another pushed it down. What did infants typically prefer?
The hinderer
The neutral figure
Whichever character was larger
The helper
Which of the following best describes sociodramatic play?
Imitating a real event in silence
Parallel play with no interaction
Role-playing with others in coordinated stories
Playing alone with toys
In the Blicket Detector experiment, children watched blocks placed on a machine that lit up only with certain combinations. How did preschoolers demonstrate causal inference?
They chose blocks at random to activate the machine
They copied adult actions without understanding the outcome
They identified which blocks were “blickets” based on patterns the machine activating
They labeled every block a “blicket” regardless of outcome
What is cardinality in counting?
A. Understanding that the last number word represents the total number in the set
B. Knowing the first number in a sequence
C. Being able to count backward
D. Counting with physical gestures
Knowing the first number in a sequence
Understanding that the last number word represents the total number in the set
Being able to count both forward and backward
Counting with physical gestures, such as on fingers and toes
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement from the Bobo doll study?
A child receives candy after hitting the doll
A child watches a model get rewarded for aggression, then imitates it
A child decides not to play and is punished
A child avoids the doll entirely
Which component of Bandura’s theory explains how children can learn without direct reinforcement?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning
Attachment theory
What was the main finding from Bandura’s Bobo the Doll study?
Children are less aggressive when they watch cartoons
Reinforcement is necessary for learning aggression
Children imitate aggressive behavior after observing adults act aggressively
Aggression is a learned behavior only through punishment
When watching an adult build something, a child imitates their exact hand movements, even though the same result could be achieved differently. What is this an example of?
Overimitation
Emulation
Instrumental learning
Self-socialization
What does research suggest about preschoolers' evaluation of informants?
A. They trust anyone who appears confident
B. They ignore past accuracy
C. They prefer people who have been accurate in the past
D. They only trust adult males
They trust anyone who appears confident
They ignore past accuracy
They prefer people who have been accurate in the past
They only trust adult males
A 6-year-old says, “I'm not good at math—I’m just not a math person.” According to Carol Dweck, what mindset is this?
Growth mindset
Performance goal orientation
Fixed mindset
Incremental theory of intelligence
