What are the Laws of Thermodynamics

energy transfer from one substance to another

heat flow in a system (ΔH)

the amount of energy needed to break the bonds of one mol of a substance

energy absorbed by the system or substance from the surroundings (+ΔH)

energy transferred from a system or substance to its surroundings (-ΔH)

the amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of a substance by 1℃.

quantity of heat

specific heat

mass

change in temperature (final - initial)

How is ΔT found

What is the specific heat formula?

two systems are in thermodynamic equilibrium with a third system, the two original systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

energy can be converted from one form to another with the interaction of heat, work and internal energy, but it cannot be created nor destroyed, under any circumstances

state of entropy of the entire universe, as an isolated system, will always increase over time

it defines the sign of the entropy of any substance at temperatures above absolute zero as positive, and it provides a fixed reference point that allows us to measure the absolute entropy of any substance at any temperature

the minimum energy requirement for colliding particles to react.

a substance that reduces the activation energy of a chemical reaction by providing a lower energy pathway for the reaction, resulting in an increase in the reaction rate

reactions where the reactants form a product and the product can form back to the original reactants, this type of reaction is denoted with a double yield ⇋

state of balance in which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.

can be used to lower activation energy

Gibbs free energy change

Enthalpy change

Temperature

Entropy change