Ethics is determined by tradition

Norms are valid if they are accepted through rational and inclusive discourse

Laws are only valid if written by the state

Emotions are the only basis of moral truth

A discussion where all participants have equal opportunity to speak, question, and argue without coercion

A speech given by a political leader

A courtroom debate

A one-way communication from teacher to student

Be commanded by a government

Be passed down by tradition

Be accepted by all affected through free and open discourse

Be logically deduced by experts

Rationality used to win arguments

Logic used in scientific experiments

Reasoning aimed at mutual understanding and agreement

Strategic communication for political gain

Equal participation

Use of coercion or manipulation

Respect for others’ arguments

Rational dialogue

To dominate the debate

To reach a rational consensus among participants

To avoid conflict

To prove one person’s superiority

Is written in a legal document

Gains majority vote in parliament

Is enforced by the state

Can be accepted by all affected in rational discourse

A decision made by elite thinkers

Agreement based on emotions and faith

Agreement achieved through free, open, and reasoned discussion

Agreement forced through social pressure

Where one expert delivers a lecture to a passive audience

A political rally with a loudspeaker

A conversation where every participant has equal voice, free from coercion

A courtroom where only the judge can speak

It helps avoid personal interaction

It promotes mutual understanding and agreement

It focuses on individual success

It limits freedom of speech

To reach practical agreement on moral and ethical norms through reasoning

To develop scientific theories

To organize economic systems

To defend personal beliefs at all costs

It is supported by religious authority

It is passed by a legislative body

It is agreed upon by all affected through open, rational discourse

It is enforced by police power

Strategic action (aimed at success)

Communicative action (aimed at mutual understanding)

Coercive action (aimed at control)

Expressive action (focused on feelings only)

They are passive listeners

They aim to manipulate others

They engage equally, freely, and without coercion

They follow a script

Rational consensus based on shared reasons

Temporary compromise

Majority rule

Silence of opposing views

Through popularity

Through political authority

Through logical consistency and reasoned agreement

Through tradition

Truth, Justice, Confidence

Logic, Reason, Passion

Truth, Rightness, Sincerity

Emotion, Strength, Tradition

Legally binding only

Strategically powerful

Accepted without question

Valid in terms of truth, moral rightness, and speaker’s sincerity

The speaker must be an authority

The argument must be forceful

All validity claims must be justified through rational discourse

The majority must agree instantly