Enzymes work by lowering the __________ _______ required for a reaction to proceed.

(a)  

The molecule that the enzyme acts on is called the (a)   ,

The substrate binds to the _________ _______of the enzyme.

(a)  

The (a)   model suggests that enzymes and substrates fit perfectly like a key in a lock.

The more modern (a)   proposes that the enzyme changes shape slightly to accommodate the substrate.

Once bound, an (a)   forms, which then transitions into an enzyme-product complex before releasing the product

Enzymes can function inside or outside cells as __________ or ___________ enzymes.

(a)  

Environmental factors such as temperature and (a)   can affect enzyme function.

Extreme conditions may cause (a)   , changing the shape of the enzyme and making it non-functional.

__________ __________ are molecules that resemble the substrate and compete for the active site, thus slowing down the reaction.

(a)  

Enzymes are highly specific due to (a)   , meaning they only work with particular substrates.

The (a)   is often measured to understand how fast a reaction occurs.

In biological reactions such as forming polymer, water is often removed in a (a)   .

These reactions are central to (a)   , the sum of all chemical processes in the body.

DNA is made of repeating units called (a)   , each containing a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous base.

The sugar in DNA is a (a)   .

The bases are paires up with each other following the ______________ ____ _______ rule.

(a)  

_________ _____ are holding the two DNA strands together.

(a)  

A (a)   is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein

Sometimes a (a)   can occur, altering the sequence of a gene

During DNA replication, an enzyme called (a)   unzips the double helix,

During DNA replication, (a)   adds complementary nucleotides.

In transcription, the ____-____ ______ serves as the template for mRNA

(a)  

The mRNA sequence is read in triplets called (a)   ,

tRNA has an (a)   that pairs with the codon.

Due to the (a)   , multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.