Randomization in repeated measures refers to the use of a single condition for all participants.

Randomization in repeated measures means changing the order in which participants experience different conditions to avoid order effect.

Randomization is a method to increase the sample size in experiments.

Randomization is the process of selecting participants for a study.

Counterbalancing is a method to eliminate all variables in an experiment.

Counterbalancing refers to the use of a control group in research studies.

Counterbalancing is a method to control order effects in by varying the sequence of conditions.

Counterbalancing is a technique to increase sample size in experiments.

The placebo effect is a phenomenon where a patient experiences real changes in their condition after receiving a "fake" treatment.

An ethical principle ensuring the safety and well-being of participants.

Standardization is the process of analyzing data after an experiment.

Standardization is a method to increase sample size.

Standardization refers to the use of random sampling techniques.

Standardization ensures consistency in experimental procedures and conditions.

The tendency of respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be socially acceptable.

The extent two or more research makes the same conclusion from data.

The statistical method for analyzing data from multiple sources.

Covert observers conducts research secretly; overt observers are open about watching participants for their study.

Lab experiments are conducted in controlled environments, while field experiments occur in natural settings.

A longitudinal study is a study that follows a single group of participants over time, studying one or more variable.

A cross-sectional study is a study that follows people of different ages groups at one point in time.

Presumptive consent is the assumption of agreement to participate unless they have explicitly refused.

Triangulation is when different techniques (ex:observations) are used to study the same phenomenon.

*Similar results = valid findings

Sample attrition is when the sample loses participants as people die, get imprisoned, leave the study, etc.

An alternative hypothesis is a testable prediction that there is a relationship or difference between variables in the population.

Independent measures require participants to switch conditions during the experiment.

Independent measures use the same participants for all conditions.

Independent measures involve using different participants for each condition (IV) in an experiment.

Independent measures involve a single participant in multiple conditions.

Generalization is a conditioned response to one object exhibited in the presense of a similar stimuli.

Generalization is the process of collecting data from a single individual.

Generalization is the method of isolating variables in a controlled environment.

Generalization refers to the specific results of a single experiment.

Debriefing is a process of discussing the details of a study with participants after it ends.

Matched pairs are groups of participants selected randomly without any criteria.

Matched pairs are pairs of participants in an experiment that are matched based on certain characteristics to control for variables.

Matched pairs are participants who are assigned to different conditions without matching characteristics.

Matched pairs refer to participants who are not related in any way.

The control group receives the treatment, while the experimental group does not.

Both groups receive the same treatment.

The control group isn't exposed to the IV, while the experimental group is exposed to the IV.

The control group is larger than the experimental group.

Generalizability is tthe extent to which research findings can be applied to a broader group of people beyond the study sample.

Mode : The value that appears most frequently in a data set. Frequency : The number of times a specific value or category appears within a dataset.

Range : Difference between the biggest and smallest values.

Standard Deviation: Calculation of the average difference between

each score in the data set and the mean.

Mean:The arithmetic average of a set of numbers that represents its central value.

Median : The middle value of a dataset that has been arranged in numerical order.

Variance: A statistical measurement that quantifies the spread or dispersion.

Interquartile Range: A statistical measure that shows the spread of the middle 50% of your data.

Open questions need detailed responses; closed questions limit answers to specific options.

Open questions are always yes or no questions, while closed questions have participants explain.

Behavioral categories are the activites recorded in an observation and should be operationalized.

A situational variable is an external factor that influences a participant's behavior, but not main focus of the research.

A structured observation is when the observers record a limited range of behaviors, while an unstructured observation is when observers record a whole range of possible behaviors.

A causal relationship in psychology is when one variable directly influences another, establishing a cause-and-effect.

Reliability means a measure is consistent (producing similar results under the same conditions), while validity means a measure is accurate.

• Validity is about a measure's consistency and reliability is about a measure's accuracy.

A score derived from standardized tests designed to measure a person's cognitive abilities

An type of sampling where participants are chosen, because of availability at the time and place the study is being conducted.

Standardized instructions are consistent guidelines used in research and practice to ensure consistency in procedures.

A participant observer actively takes part in the study group, while a non-participant observer is oberves the study group from the outside.

Co-variables are variables that are measured to assess their relationship with other variables in research.

Ethical guidelines are principles that ensure the safetyness and rights of participants are protected.