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WorksheetsAP World History Cultural Transformation
Total questions: 152
Worksheet time: 3hrs 32mins
The disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate most directly led to which of the following political developments in the Islamic world in the thirteenth century?
The Russian conquest of Central Asia
The rise of Turkic states
The conversion of most of the Islamic world to Shi‘a Islam
The collapse of trade along the Silk Road networks
Despite the disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate, Islam continued to spread across Afro-Eurasia in the
period 1200–1450 primarily because of which of the following?
The conquest of the Christian Crusader States in the Levant
The activities of Sufi missionaries
The voyages of the Muslim eunuch Zheng He
The translation activities of Muslim scholars
The combination between religious and political aspects in the Abbasid state’s concept of rulership is best reflected in which of the following?
The Abbasid state had an influential Sunni religious class that often came into conflict with the state.
The Abbasid state often allowed local rulers considerable autonomy.
The Abbasid state patronized the construction of religious buildings such as mosques.
The Abbasid state was headed by a caliph who was theoretically the state’s supreme religious and political leader.
Which of the following best describes a claim made in the
first paragraph of the inscription?
King Adityawarman was a bodhisattva.
King Adityawarman was a Buddhist teacher.
Statues of Buddhist divine figures could spiritually benefit everyone.
Statues of Buddhist teachers were revered by rulers and common people.
The claim in the second paragraph that the king has become “free from all physical desire” can best be understood to mean that
Southeast Asian states’ ruling elites were very wealthy.
in Vedic religions, rejecting worldly concerns in order to attain spiritual perfection was considered a virtue.
Buddhist monks and nuns in Southeast Asian societies were required to maintain an ascetic lifestyle.
Hindus believed that members of each caste had different rights and responsibilities.
Which of the following is an argument in the
second paragraph of the inscription regarding King
Adityawarman?
His spiritual attributes and worldly achievements made him a powerful and legitimate ruler.
His attention to the welfare of all of his subjects made him a caring and legitimate ruler.
His conquest of all of the surrounding kingdoms in Indonesia made him a legitimate ruler.
His knowledge of science and ships in an island kingdom made him an effective and legitimate ruler.
Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the author’s conclusion about the
importance of exotic goods to the Maya region’s economy?
Exotic goods were exchanged over long distances within the Maya lowlands.
Exotic goods were traded between the Maya city-states and neighboring states.
The exchange of exotic goods went hand in hand with the exchange of information.
The Maya region depended on the trade in exotic goods because of relatively low levels of agricultural production.
The author directly uses all of the following pieces of evidence to support his argument about the relationship between exotic goods and the power of Maya rulers EXCEPT that Maya rulers
used exotic goods to carry out rituals that their subjects expected them to perform
prohibited nobles and priests from wearing certain types of exotic goods reserved for rulers
used exotic goods in royal coronations
received exotic goods as tribute payments from vassals
Which of the following does the author cite most directly to support his argument in the third paragraph about the importance of exotic goods in the Maya region?
The existence of sophisticated astronomical tables
The emergence of a unified Maya kingdom based on new political models
The emergence of new systems of writing based on earlier Mesoamerican systems
The existence of unified patterns of behavior in warfare, science, and religion
Which of the following was a continuity in the development of African states in the period circa 1200–1450?
African states such as Ethiopia maintained close contacts with South and East Asian states across the Indian Ocean but rarely had contacts with Europe.
Despite geographical barriers, some African states were able to maintain diplomatic and cultural contact with the broader Afro-Eurasian world.
Most African states rejected traditional forms of international diplomacy, such as dynastic marriages and tribute payments.
African states needed to maintain friendly diplomatic relations with Europe in order to expand their empires.
Which of the following continuities in the development of African states in the period circa 1200–1450 most likely explains the prevalence of Christianity in Ethiopia?
Some African states’ religious traditions continued to be influenced by cultural transfers dating back to earlier centuries.
Some African states were famous for their religious toleration and for allowing multiple religious traditions to coexist in their territories.
African states’ official religions were typically syncretic mixtures of several different religious traditions.
While African populations mostly continued to adhere to indigenous polytheistic religions, African political elites often adopted monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam.
Which of the following was a key similarity in the policies of the rulers of African states such as Ethiopia in
the period circa 1200–1450 ?
They granted their subjects unrestricted freedom of speech.
They used religion and laws to bolster their legitimacy.
They faced challenges to their power from powerful merchant elites.
They sought to achieve economic self-sufficiency by restricting trade contacts with other societies.
-King Edward lll of England, the Statue of Laborers, royal decree, 1351
The terminology used in the opening sentence of the decree was most directly influenced by which of the following?
The notion that the Pope is the supreme leader of the Church
The medieval rules of chivalry and courtly etiquette
The deep influence of Christianity on medieval society and culture
The slow and uncertain nature of communications in medieval Europe
-King Edward lll of England, the Statue of Laborers, royal decree, 1351
The process of “consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm” in the making of Edward III’s decree best reflects which of the following?
The emergence of the concept that parliaments, rather than kings, had ultimate political authority in European states
The fragmented, decentralized nature of European feudal monarchies
The legacy of Roman imperial political traditions on medieval European states
European rulers’ practice of making harsh legislation more palatable by claiming it was part of God’s will
-King Edward lll of England, the Statue of Laborers, royal decree, 1351
The need for legal action to address the “grave inconveniences” that might result from the labor shortages described in the passage most likely resulted from
the agrarian nature of medieval European economies and their reliance on coerced labor
the inability of members of the nobility and other feudal lords to take direct legal action against their workers and serfs
the high social rank and economic standing of plowmen in medieval English society
the presence of guild regulations prohibiting agricultural laborers from working more than a certain number of hours each week
The general pattern of nomadic conquest followed by the assimilation of the conquerors into the cultures of the conquered societies was most clearly expressed in which of the following developments in the period circa 1250–1450 ?
The rulers of the Mali Empire converting to Islam through the influence of North African merchants and missionaries
The rulers of the Yuan dynasty adopting Chinese court culture and methods of rule
Trading states in Southeast Asia such as the Khmer and Srivijaya empires adopting syncretic Hindu-Buddhist practices
Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans expanding their output because of a rising demand for luxury goods in Afro-Eurasia
Which of the following developments in the period circa 1250–1450 represents a situation that is the opposite of nomadic conquerors assimilating into the cultures of the conquered societies?
Conquered peoples being drawn into their conquerors’ economic and cultural orbits, as illustrated by Turkic peoples converting to Islam and integrating into Muslim societies
Merchants establishing diasporic communities and introducing their own traditions into the indigenous cultures, as illustrated by South Asian Muslim merchants spreading Islam to the islands of Southeast Asia
Settled societies successfully resisting nomadic encroachments, as illustrated by the Mamluks of Egypt defeating the Mongols or Muscovy expelling the Golden Horde from Russia
Conquering states fragmenting into several units because of political and social friction, as illustrated by the breakup of the Mongol Empire into individual khanates
The Mongol conquests resulted in all of the following developments EXCEPT
a revival of trade on the overland Silk Roads
transfers of scientific and technological knowledge
the initial diffusion of Buddhism and Christianity to East Asia
the spread of pathogens across Eurasia, including the bubonic plague
-Xinru Liu and Lynda Norene Shaffer, historians, Connections across Eurasia, published in 2007
The “long stays in harbors” mentioned in the description of the sea journeys in the first paragraph were most likely necessary because Indian Ocean maritime trade in the period circa 1200–1450
increased significantly in volume, creating bottlenecks in key ports
required the approval of Muslim religious authorities to make sure it was carried out in accordance with Islamic principles
had to take into account environmental factors such as the timing and direction of the monsoons
could only be carried out if ships stayed close to shore through the entire journey from Egypt to India
-Xinru Liu and Lynda Norene Shaffer, historians, Connections across Eurasia, published in 2007
Based on the pattern of trade described in the third paragraph, the Egyptian karim merchants were most likely directly involved in which of the following broader developments in the Indian Ocean in the period circa 1200–1450 ?
The establishment of diasporic merchant communities
The transfer of European scientific knowledge to South Asia
The creation of new monotheistic religions
The introduction of new financial innovations such as paper money
-Xinru Liu and Lynda Norene Shaffer, historians, Connections across Eurasia, published in 2007
The pattern of trade described in the passage was most characteristic of which of the following types of
goods in the period 1200–1450 ?
Daily food staples such as bread or milk
Bulk commodities such as grain or coal
Luxury goods such as spices or porcelain
Livestock such as pigs or cattle
The integration of West African states into wider regional and transregional economic networks in the period circa 1200–1450 was carried out mostly via the
Swahili coast trade routes
Silk Road trade networks
trans-Saharan trade routes
Indian Ocean trade routes
The spread of Islam into sub-Saharan West Africa in the period circa 1200–1450 was mostly a result of the conversion of the rulers of which of the following states?
Mamluk Egypt
The Mongol khanates
The Ming dynasty
The Mali Empire
In the period circa 1200–1450, which of the following most directly enabled merchants to bring salt and other bulk products to markets in sub-Saharan Africa?
The diffusion of new maritime technologies such as the lateen sail
The adoption of innovative practices in overland trading, such as the use of camel caravans and saddles
The transfer of East Asian technologies to western Afro-Eurasia during the period of Pax Mongolica
The shared use of the Arabic language and common practice of Islam by both North African and sub-Saharan merchant communities
Which of the following best describes the author’s purpose in the passage?
To provide detailed descriptions of the instruments used at the Maragha and Tabriz observatories
To evaluate the importance of the astronomical discoveries made by Ilkhanid scientists
To portray his patron as a generous supporter of the sciences and a man of unusual intelligence
To criticize Ghazan for his vanity and remind him to focus on religious and spiritual pursuits
Which of the following best describes the historical situation in Eurasia at the time the passage was written?
Frequent warfare limited the opportunities for cultural, scientific, and artistic innovation.
Political upheaval and reorganization increased cultural and scientific exchanges across regions.
Revived long-distance trade spread pathogens and infections to regions that had not been previously affected by them.
The invention and spread of new weapons and military tactics radically transformed the global balance of power.
Which of the following best describes the historical circumstances of Rashid al-Din’s career?
His career illustrates the destructive impact of the Mongol conquests on many established urban centers.
His career illustrates the possibilities for diffusion and intermingling of cultures brought about by the Mongol conquests.
His career illustrates the Mongols’ success in preserving their nomadic and tribal culture despite the growing diversity of their subjects.
His career illustrates the importance of traveler accounts written by foreign visitors to the Mongol court.
Based on the information in the table, the Black Death outbreak of the bubonic plague struck Essex County in which of the following periods?
Before 1320
Between 1320 and 1350
Between 1350 and 1400
After 1400
A comparison between the data for the three manors shown in the table best illustrates which of the following about the bubonic plague?
It was equally devastating across all areas of western Europe.
It had virtually no effect on the populations of some regions of England.
In some but not all areas, the population was beginning to recover by 1400.
In most areas, the population reverted to pre-1320 levels by 1400.
Which of the following best describes the change in the total population of males age 12 and older in the
three manors shown in the table from 1320 to 1400 ?
It declined to less than a quarter of its 1320 level (over 75% decline).
It increased to more than double its 1320 level (over 50% increase).
It declined to less than a half of its 1320 level (over 50% decline).
It stayed virtually unchanged compared to its 1320 level.
The conduct of the siege as described in the passage could best be used to explain which of the following processes in the period 1450–1750 ?
The transmission of new weapons along trade networks
The use of new weapons by expanding imperial states
The use of new weapons to establish trading-post empires
The development of new processes of manufacturing to create new weapons
The type of warfare described in the passage most directly helps to explain which of the following sixteenth-century developments?
The growing political influence of religious scholars at the Ottoman court
The granting of substantial religious and legal autonomy to Christian subjects in the Ottoman Empire
The intensification of political rivalries between the Ottoman Empire and neighboring states in Europe and the Middle East
The decline of the importance of the Janissaries in the Ottoman army
The type of weaponry used in the siege, as described in the passage, could also help to explain the expansion of all of the following states in the period 1450–1750 EXCEPT the
Aztec (Mexica) Empire
Safavid Empire
Mughal Empire
Qing dynasty
The relationship between levels of military personnel and state revenues as shown in the table is best understood in the context of which of the following global developments in the period 1450–1750 ?
As military forces expanded and became more professionalized, states were forced to develop new ways to
generate revenue.
As agricultural technology became more advanced, less people were needed to farm and more people were able to be enrolled in state militaries.
As commercial profits and urbanization increased, states were able to obtain more revenue.
As states expanded their territories, they were able to acquire access to more natural resources.
The trends in military personnel and state revenue shown in the table are best understood in the context of which of the following changes in the relationship between states and local elites in the period 1450–1750 ?
States often relied on local elites to supervise provincial administration.
Local elites began looking to the state to provide titles that demonstrated their legitimacy.
States increasingly centralized their authority at the expense of local elites.
Local elites began to command their own military forces.
Which of the following developments in the period 1450–1750 is best understood as a response to the trends shown in the table?
The creation of divine-right theories of monarchy
The creation of larger state bureaucracies
The emergence of tribute collection as a form of taxation
The emergence of banking systems
A historian would most likely interpret the rhetoric in the passage as evidence that rulers of imperial states in the period circa 1450–1750 continued to
use religious ideas to highlight their political legitimacy and attack the legitimacy of their enemies
prefer to resolve interstate conflicts through warfare rather than through diplomatic means
patronize religious establishments and preside over religious ceremonies
seek to unite forces to prevent the spread of secular ideas
Based on the purpose of the letter, Selim’s description of the followers of Shah Ismail I as a “heretical faction” can best be interpreted as a commentary of the Safavid Empire’s
military strength
adherence to Shi‘a Islam
Turkic origins
use of the Persian language
Which of the following aspects of the international situation in early sixteenth-century southwest Asia is most relevant to understanding Sultan Selim’s letter?
The Ottoman and Safavid empires fought numerous wars for control over Iraq, Syria, and other regions of the Middle East.
Both the Ottoman and Safavid empires developed extensive trade connections with European states and states in the Indian Ocean region.
Both the Ottoman and Safavid empires made use of gunpowder weapons in the course of their territorial expansion.
The Ottoman and Safavid empires brought a high degree of centralization to parts of southwest Asia that had been politically fragmented before.
The author uses all of the following as evidence to support his argument about the impact of smallpox on Native American populations EXCEPT
many Native Americans who contracted smallpox died from it
the English settlers tried to help the Native Americans who were afflicted with smallpox
the Native Americans feared smallpox more than any other disease
smallpox was widespread among Native Americans
The author invokes which of the following to support his claim that smallpox’s impact on European settlers was different from its impact on Native Americans?
Pseudoscientific theories of European racial superiority
Evidence from population genetics
Ideas about the role of divine providence in human affairs
Protestant ideas about hard work and economic success as markers of personal virtue
The passage implies that the author was aware of smallpox being an infectious disease. Which of the following can best be cited as evidence of that claim?
The author’s statement that Native Americans lived in a “trading house” near the English settlement
The author’s statement that smallpox was so debilitating that those afflicted with it could not “make a fire, or fetch water to drink”
The author’s statement that the English settlers “took pity” at the sight of the Native Americans’ suffering
The author’s statement that no English settlers fell ill, even though “many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks”
The contents of the letter are best understood in the context of which of the following aspects of the historical situation in sub-Saharan Africa in the early 1600s?
Political, religious, and economic rivalries shaped European colonial policies in Africa.
State centralization in Europe led to a change from joint-stock company control to direct imperial control in many colonial territories.
The arrival of Europeans led to the conquest and destruction of many native African states.
Religious conflicts stemming from the spread of Islam from North Africa made sub-Saharan African states vulnerable to European conquest.
The point of view expressed by the Dutch West India Company’s directors in the letter can best be described as
evenhanded in describing the benefits and detriments of various proposed options to the States General
shaped by views of European cultural and religious superiority over African peoples, which the States General representatives would have been likely to share
dismissive in its evaluation of the military and strategic importance of the kingdom of Kongo to the Netherlands
seeking to steer the States General representatives into taking action that would benefit the company financially
The report’s position on the proposed transfer of Luanda to the Dutch is best understood in light of the authors’ goal to
secure profits from the rapidly expanding trans-Atlantic slave trade
highlight the gender and family imbalances created by the slave trade
recommend that the company expand its operations to the Indian Ocean and the spice islands of Southeast Asia
offer a comparison between the profitability of East African versus West African slave trade routes
Which of the following best describes the author’s argument in the first paragraph?
The demographic makeup of Barbadian society and the structure of its economy make existing punishments for slaves justified.
Barbadian slaves are punished more leniently than slaves working on the larger plantations of French Caribbean islands.
Plantation owners who punish their slaves too harshly are not fulfilling their duties as Christians to treat the less fortunate kindly.
The punishments of slaves in Barbados are the result of a long experience of deadly slave uprisings and anti-planter violence on the island.
Which of the following best describes the author’s claim in the second paragraph?
The extensive mining of precious metals on Caribbean islands has destroyed the islands’ natural environment.
Despite the small size of Barbadian plantations, the landowners on Barbados are very wealthy.
Slave political grievances are threatening the political order in American colonial societies.
Barbadian plantation owners are the wealthiest social group in the Caribbean.
Which of the following is an implicit argument made by the author in the passage?
The current political and economic makeup of European colonies in the Caribbean is not sustainable over the long term.
Christianity will provide a solution to the social ills of colonial societies in the Caribbean.
Coerced labor systems have allowed a minority of the population of Caribbean colonial societies to reap enormous economic benefits.
It is incumbent upon France to try to wrest control of Barbados from Great Britain.
As outlined in the passage, the provisions of the agreement can best be used to illustrate which of the following aspects of state building in Eurasia in the period circa 1450–1750 ?
Mercantilist philosophy continued to inform the economic and social policies of many states.
Many states were able to consolidate their political systems and eliminate challenges to monarchical power.
Religious differences stopped being a significant factor in the weakening and fragmentation of imperial states.
Local elites successfully resisted attempts at state centralization and asserted their autonomy from central rule.
The privileges discussed in the last two paragraphs of the passage best demonstrate that in some instances in the period 1450–1750
internal challenges to state power could lead to the establishment of new state-like structures within existing states
states implemented policies seeking to restrict the role of certain minority groups in economic and social life
monarchs had to resort to deploying standing armies to crush regional revolts by hereditary local elites
states successfully established professional bureaucracies to reduce reliance on mercenaries and tax farming
The fact that the Russian tsar insisted in the last paragraph that some ambassadors be treated differently from others best illustrates which of the following about international politics in the period circa 1650–1750 ?
The Christian countries of Europe had banded together to defeat the threat from the Muslim Ottoman Empire.
Russia had encountered significant resistance to its plans for further territorial expansion from some of the established states in eastern and southern Europe.
Poland and the Ottoman Empire both felt threatened by the rising military might of Russia.
The Zaporozhian Cossacks, Russia, and most other European countries were bound by international treaties prohibiting the mistreatment of ambassadors.
All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best support the author’s argument in the first paragraph of the passage?
The Mamluk ruling elites of Egypt were made up of slave soldiers of various ethnic origins, including Turco-Mongolic peoples from the Black Sea steppes and peoples from the Caucasus Mountains.
The period of Mamluk rule in Egypt saw a high number of conversions to Islam and a considerable reduction in the percentage of Coptic Christians in the overall population of Egypt.
The Mamluks were one of the very few Muslim dynasties to have successfully defeated invading Mongol armies in battle.
The Jewish community in Mamluk Cairo included many prominent figures, including royal physicians,scholars, and administrators.
Which of the following would a historian most likely cite as evidence in support of the author’s argument in the second paragraph of the passage?
The Ottoman millet system, an arrangement designed to utilize the economic contributions of non-Muslim groups within the empire while granting them limited autonomy to organize their communal affairs under their own religious leaders
The Ottoman practice of devshirme, a military levy of Christian boys who would be converted to Islam and trained as Ottoman Janissary soldiers or bureaucrats in state service
The Ottoman practice of farming out the collection of taxes to local private individuals (some of them non-Muslim), because of the shortage of trained government financial officials
The Ottoman sultans’ continued powers of granting final approval for any high-ranking appointment of a non-Muslim religious leader, including the power to approve patriarchs and bishops of the various Christian communities and chief rabbis of the Jewish community
All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which might best be used to undermine or modify the author’s argument in the second paragraph?
Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire faced considerable restrictions on their religious practices, legal rights, and social freedoms.
Christian and Jewish communities in many other Muslim states in the period circa 1450–1750 enjoyed some of the same rights as Ottoman Christians and Jews did.
The Ottoman Empire was a preferred destination for Jews fleeing religious persecution in Europe, as well as for Protestant Christian groups fleeing Catholic persecution in Central and Eastern Europe.
Many Ottoman Christians and Jews achieved great financial success through commercial activities, including long-distance trade.
Which of the following developments can be most directly attributed to Portuguese and Spanish state sponsorship of maritime exploration in the late fifteenth century?
Improvements in European geographic knowledge of Africa and the Indian Ocean
Improvements in Europeans’ ability to prevent the spread of infectious diseases
Religious divisions in Europe related to the Protestant Reformation
The development of theories of natural rights and representative government
Which of the following processes most immediately led to the global expansion of European political power in the period circa 1500 ?
The Columbian Exchange
The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople
Advances in shipbuilding and navigational methods
Advances in medicine that improved Europeans’ ability to survive in tropical climates
The sixteenth- and seventeenth-century maritime exploration efforts by England, France, and the Netherlands were most directly connected to which of the following historical processes?
The Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation
Economic competition against Spain and Portugal and a desire to find new sailing routes to Asia
The transfer of engineering and navigational knowledge from the classical and Islamic worlds to Europe
The need to ease population pressures in Europe by establishing settlement colonies
Which of the following is the main claim that the author makes in the passage?
Europeans should learn from the knowledge and wisdom of classical Greece and Rome.
Philosophy and science are fundamentally incompatible.
Ethics and morality are subjective and culture-specific.
People have natural rights that can be established through rational inquiry.
Which of the following is an implicit claim that the author makes in the second paragraph?
In some cases, governments need to stifle freedom of speech.
Religion has been a force holding back the progress of humanity.
Man’s natural condition is one of suffering and a struggle for survival.
Loyalty to one’s nation is the greatest virtue a person can aspire to have.
Which of the following is an implicit claim that the author makes in the third paragraph?
The French Revolution has advanced the principles of Enlightenment.
The failure to grant political rights to women is at odds with the idea of natural rights.
The economic policies of the French monarchy have been the main cause of the revolution.
The calls to reform the criminal justice system do not take into account the severity of the social problems posed by France’s high crime rates.
authorities. Seen in this light, the new French system of liberty is a path leading to destruction, confusion, overturning of good government, or, simply speaking, a new ambush of the devil to lead us Orthodox Christians astray.”
Anthimos, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem [then part of the Ottoman Empire], Paternal Instruction, leaflet printed in Greek for distribution among Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire, 1798
Source 2
“I address you in Hungarian today* because reviving our language is like cleansing the mirror of our history, so
that the flies buzzing around may not deprive us of its light. It is a sad fate for a nation to perish—especially a
nation such as ours that can boast of brilliant feats and that has only sunk to its present condition through the bitter workings of fate.
It is of no use to try to accept with stern philosophy, common sense, and cold blood that all men are equal in
everything, that the whole human race is a single nation. No! We are national beings and we were raised with our
Hungarian selves that way, so that we can never be Germans, or French, or Poles, or Spaniards. We long for gloryin this life as Hungarian sons of the Hungarian nation and, in the next, we pray that the angels of the heavens may know us as Hungarians.
It is time for the mind of the Hungarian nation to be clarified through a revival of our mother-tongue. How can our educated classes study the languages of Europe, if we are forgetting our own? How could we lift up our people,
most of whom live in the countryside, if we cannot offer them books to read in the language they speak? What we
urgently need is a group of scholars who would be paid solely to translate works from Latin, French, German, and
Greek into Hungarian—this would do more good for the refinement of the country’s mind than a thousand Latin
and German schools.”
*At the time, many educated Hungarians preferred to communicate in German, the language of the Austrian
Empire of which Hungary was a part.
György Bessenyei, Hungarian writer, “Oration on the Subject Matter of the Nation,” essay published in 1817
Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the views expressed in the two sources?
Source 1 assumes that people are fundamentally rational and capable of being persuaded by rational arguments, whereas Source 2 assumes that people are fundamentally irrational and motivated by instincts and passions.
Source 1 asserts that liberty is synonymous with individual freedom of action, whereas Source 2 asserts that true liberty involves a collective obligation to act in the best interests of the community.
Source 1 emphasizes the importance of religious identities and solidarities as drivers of human behavior, whereas Source 2 emphasizes the importance of ethno-linguistic identities and solidarities as drivers of human behavior.
Source 1 argues that members of the elite should follow the democratically expressed will of the people, whereas Source 2 argues that members of the elite should lead and lift up the people by providing them with education.
authorities. Seen in this light, the new French system of liberty is a path leading to destruction, confusion, overturning of good government, or, simply speaking, a new ambush of the devil to lead us Orthodox Christians astray.”
Anthimos, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem [then part of the Ottoman Empire], Paternal Instruction, leaflet printed in Greek for distribution among Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire, 1798
Source 2
“I address you in Hungarian today* because reviving our language is like cleansing the mirror of our history, so
that the flies buzzing around may not deprive us of its light. It is a sad fate for a nation to perish—especially a
nation such as ours that can boast of brilliant feats and that has only sunk to its present condition through the bitter workings of fate.
It is of no use to try to accept with stern philosophy, common sense, and cold blood that all men are equal in
everything, that the whole human race is a single nation. No! We are national beings and we were raised with our
Hungarian selves that way, so that we can never be Germans, or French, or Poles, or Spaniards. We long for gloryin this life as Hungarian sons of the Hungarian nation and, in the next, we pray that the angels of the heavens may know us as Hungarians.
It is time for the mind of the Hungarian nation to be clarified through a revival of our mother-tongue. How can our educated classes study the languages of Europe, if we are forgetting our own? How could we lift up our people,
most of whom live in the countryside, if we cannot offer them books to read in the language they speak? What we
urgently need is a group of scholars who would be paid solely to translate works from Latin, French, German, and
Greek into Hungarian—this would do more good for the refinement of the country’s mind than a thousand Latin
and German schools.”
*At the time, many educated Hungarians preferred to communicate in German, the language of the Austrian
Empire of which Hungary was a part.
György Bessenyei, Hungarian writer, “Oration on the Subject Matter of the Nation,” essay published in 1817
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the positions expressed by the authors of the two sources regarding the idea that existing political boundaries should be changed so that each nation has its own state?
Source 1 explicitly supports the idea, but Source 2 explicitly rejects it.
Source 1 explicitly rejects the idea, but Source 2 explicitly supports it.
Both Source 1 and Source 2 explicitly support the idea.
Neither Source 1 nor Source 2 explicitly supports the idea.
Together with access to coal deposits, which environmental factor most directly contributed to Great
Britain’s early industrialization?
Its location on an island group separate from continental Europe
Its abundance of iron ore
Its cold climate, unsuitable for cultivating many crops
Its plentiful domestic sources of gold and silver
Waterways such as canals and rivers were important in the process of early industrialization because they provided
cheap electrical power needed for industrial production
access to leisure activities for the growing middle class
a source for improved sanitation for the rapidly urbanizing population centers
a means for integrating economic activities in regional and national markets
Which of the following best summarizes the way in which the development of the factory system and the
development of new transportation infrastructure such as railways worked together as factors facilitating British industrialization?
The factory system produced the surplus labor that led large numbers of British people to emigrate overseas,and the new transportation infrastructure enabled those migrants to make their journeys.
The factory system concentrated the working classes in cities, and new transportation infrastructure allowed governments to better monitor and police these workers.
The factory system concentrated production in relatively few locations, and the new transportation infrastructure allowed more goods and people to reach these locations in less time.
The factory system led to an ever-greater degree of specialization of labor and, by doing so, helped meet the railway industry’s need for highly skilled workers.
Based on the chart, which of the following best describes a pattern in the spread of railroads in Europe from 1830 to 1850 ?
Multinational empires adopted railroads more extensively than other states did.
Countries that industrialized the latest had the most extensive mileage of railroads by 1850.
The largest countries had the most extensive railroad networks by 1850.
Areas in northwestern Europe adopted railroads more extensively than areas in other parts of Europe.
Which of the following best describes the expansion in total railway line kilometers by 1850 in countries that possessed zero kilometers of railroad lines in 1830 ?
Austria-Hungary had the largest expansion.
Germany had the largest expansion.
Italy had the largest expansion.
Russia had the largest expansion.
Which of the following best describes the comparative change in kilometers of railroad lines in Britain and France from 1830 to 1850 ?
Britain possessed more railway lines in 1830 and expanded its lead significantly over France by 1850.
Britain possessed fewer railway lines than France in 1830 but possessed much more than France by 1850.
Britain possessed more railway lines in 1830, but France took the lead over Britain by 1850.
Britain possessed fewer railway lines than France in 1830, and France continued to have more railway lines by 1850.
The six scenes in the center are surrounded by portraits of famous British inventors and scientists
In the period circa 1750–1900, the historical process illustrated by the image led directly to all of the following major global transformations EXCEPT
the outbreak of the Atlantic revolutions and the emergence of new states in the Americas
the transition from human- and animal-powered economies to fossil fuel-powered economies
a significant increase in transregional trade and migration
the increasing use of electricity in industrial and consumer applications
The six scenes in the center are surrounded by portraits of famous British inventors and scientists
Unlike the four scenes in the top two rows of the lithograph, the inclusion of the two scenes in the
bottom row is best explained by
state-sponsored industrialization policies motivated by social welfare programs
the technological innovations of the second industrial revolution
resistance to industrialization by organized labor motivated by socialist philosophy
the mathematical and physical discoveries of the Scientific Revolution
The six scenes in the center are surrounded by portraits of famous British inventors and scientists
Which of the following contributed directly to Great Britain’s ability to consolidate or expand its colonial control of interior regions of Asia and Africa in the late nineteenth century?
The changes illustrated in the middle row of the image only
The changes illustrated in the bottom row of the image only
The changes illustrated in the top two rows of the image
The changes illustrated in the bottom two rows of the image
As described in the passage, the pattern of economic development in Russia in the nineteenth century
differed most strongly from which other pattern of economic development during the same period?
The emergence of resource export economies, such as those in colonial South Asia
The expansion of transnational businesses, such as global banking and insurance companies
The implementation of economic policies to promote industrialization, such as the attempts to develop a cotton textile industry in Egypt
The transition from preindustrial to industrial production through the actions of private entrepreneurs or companies
The rapid growth of industrial output in Russia during the 1890s was most likely comparable to the growth of industrial output in which other state during the same period?
The Ottoman Empire
Qing China
Meiji Japan
Brazil
The economic changes in rapidly industrializing countries such as the Russian Empire in the late nineteenth century led most directly to which of the following social or intellectual changes during the same period?
The emergence of nationalism and separatism among ethnic minority groups in multiethnic empires
The development of economic theories advocating free trade, such as laissez-faire
The creation of new social classes and class consciousness
The growth of the woman suffrage movement
The debates about maritime shipping in Japan alluded to in the first paragraph were most directly connected to which of the following nineteenth-century developments?
The development of Marxist critiques of international capitalism
The development of trade union and labor movements dedicated to advancing industrial workers’ rights
The development of rival economic theories differing with respect to their views of free trade
The development of opposing political factions supporting or resisting Westernization reforms within many Asian governments
Iwasaki’s position in the letter on the relationship between the Mitsubishi Company and the Japanese government is most clearly a response to
Western governments gaining access to Japan’s markets by imposing laissez-faire economic regimes
Japan’s policy of strict economic isolation and restricting cultural contacts with the West
concerns that Japan’s aggressive economic and foreign policies were jeopardizing relations with its East Asian neighbors
the prospect that the development of domestic shipping might lead to a war between Japan and Western countries
The commercial rivalries discussed in the third paragraph best illustrate the interplay between nineteenth-century economic development in Japan and the development of
extractive economies as part of Western imperialism
Western-dominated large-scale transnational businesses
a global consumer economy leading to increased living standards worldwide
new regional and international identities opposed to nationalism
Which of the following pieces of information that Trollope reveals about himself in the passage might best explain his contention that economic inequalities ought to be addressed “gradually and without any sudden disruption of society”?
His advanced age
His Christian faith
His admission that he was born into a fortunate condition
His relatively high level of education
Trollope’s arguments in the second paragraph are most clearly intended to offer an alternative to the arguments made by which late nineteenth-century group?
Liberals
Conservatives
Socialists
Nationalists
Trollope’s characterization of democracy in the second paragraph can best be seen as a direct reference to which aspect of the historical situation in the late nineteenth century?
The political and social radicalism of the French Revolution
The emergence of strong labor unions in many industrialized countries
The movements to reform countries’ political systems by expanding the franchise
The resentment of United States cultural influences in some European countries
The class relationships in Manchester described by Parkinson are best explained in the context of the
low education levels of urban residents and the scarcity of schools
increasing pressure for greater political representation of new industrial towns in national governments
declining wealth of the traditional landed aristocracy in comparison to factory owners and industrialists
continuous migration of new workers to industrial towns and the high job turnover
The disparities of wealth mentioned by Parkinson in the passage are best explained in the context of the
lower prices for consumer goods made possible by industrialization
higher wages available for industrial work as compared to agricultural work
high profits and low wages associated with manufacturing industries in the nineteenth century
failure of urban governments to create infrastructure and public health services in rapidly growing cities
The rapid growth of nineteenth-century industrial cities such as Manchester is best understood in the context of which of the following economic developments?
The increases in agricultural productivity that freed up laborers for work in factories
The adoption of protective legislation for workers that encouraged people to seek industrial jobs
The abolition of slavery that made plantation agriculture less profitable
The migration of people from colonial areas to Europe in search of better economic opportunities
The image and its caption provide evidence that would best help explain the ideas of which of the following ideologies that emerged in the late nineteenth century?
Communism
Nationalism
Mercantilism
Social Darwinism
Based on the context of European imperialism in the late nineteenth century, a historian examining the image and its caption would likely explain that they provide evidence of how France sought to
remind students that African states directly threatened France and its way of life
demonstrate that the transfer of its republican system of government to French colonies would prepare those colonies for eventual independence
reassure students that France’s inhumane colonial policies were justified by a so-called “civilizing mission”
help integrate migrants from its colonies into French society
Although ideas of European superiority over non-Europeans had existed for centuries, views such as those
expressed in the passage provide evidence of an important change in the late nineteenth century that is best explained by the fact that they
combined old cultural prejudice with supposedly “scientific” new ideas of the biological and evolutionary basis of human differences
were based on the premise that the biological diversity of the human species should be reduced through support of interracial marriages
romanticized non-European peoples by portraying them as “noble savages” closer to nature than “overcivilized” Europeans
reflected new anthropological and linguistic research that showed that all humans share a common African ancestor
A BEAREAVED MILITARY FAMILY, PAINTING BY JAPANESE ARTIST NOBORU MATSUI, 1898
Japanese expansion in the late nineteenth century is most directly explained in the context of the decline of which of the following empires?
The Portuguese Empire
The Spanish Empire
The Russian Empire
The Qing Empire
A BEAREAVED MILITARY FAMILY, PAINTING BY JAPANESE ARTIST NOBORU MATSUI, 1898
In addition to Japan, which of the following non-European states created an empire in the Asia-Pacific region in the late nineteenth century?
Australia
China
Korea
The United States
Witbooi’s point of view in discussing his right to rule the Nama lands “by double conquest” is historically significant mostly because it illustrates how
African political leaders learned to use effectively the European diplomatic discourse of sovereignty and state rights to ultimately forestall the advance of imperialism
interethnic conflicts in Africa led to political fragmentation and ultimately limited Africans’ ability to resist imperialism
European imperialism fostered among Africans a sense of belonging to new national units and ultimately led to nationalist resistance movements
some African leaders were able to play one European colonial power against another to ultimately preserve their lands from colonial infringement
Witbooi’s perspective in the last paragraph is historically significant because it most directly illustrates which of the following rationales for African people resisting European imperial encroachment?
Resistance to safeguard valuable natural resources threatened by European economic imperialism
Resistance to protect the right to practice native African religions threatened by European missionary activities
Resistance to preserve traditional political structures threatened by direct European territorial expansion
Resistance to restore pre-nineteenth-century native states and empires destroyed by earlier waves of European colonialism
Witbooi’s statement in the last paragraph that he would likely be killed in the process of resisting the Germans is historically significant because it shows that Africans understood the
need to appeal to the Europeans’ sense of lawfulness and due process
importance of concealing the true extent of African military forces in order to lull the Europeans into complacency
inevitability of the conquest because of the supposed racial superiority of Europeans
low probability that armed resistance would be successful because of the military advantages of Europeans
The rival British and French claims over the Niger River region in the 1890s were most directly a part of which of the following processes?
The British efforts to safeguard the routes to India, Great Britain’s most important colony
The response of established colonial powers to the ambitions of new imperial states such as Germany and Italy
The European “scramble” to acquire territories in Africa through both peaceful and military means
The shift from “imperialism by company” to direct imperial rule in many European colonies
The instructions to Lugard in articles (d) and (f) best reflect which of the following regarding the purpose of the board of directors’ letter?
As a high-ranking agent of the British Royal Niger Company, Lugard would have been likely to recognize on his own the economic potential of the areas he was about to explore.
As a commercial enterprise, the British Royal Niger Company hoped that Lugard’s voyage would allow it to expand its exports of African raw materials to Europe and its imports of European finished goods to Africa.
As tropical disease made travel in Africa dangerous to Europeans, the board of directors needed to emphasize the economic rewards that Lugard would personally reap if his mission was successful.
As a transnational company competing for business on the global market, the British Royal Niger Company wished to obtain information about the financial resources of its competitors.
Which aspect of the historical situation in West Africa in the 1890s best explains the board of directors’ instructions to Lugard in article (h) of the letter?
Europeans still had very limited information about the physical geography of the West African interior.
West Africa was becoming a source of important raw materials for Europe’s industrializing economies.
In the aftermath of the abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, Europeans lost interest in West Africa, both politically and economically.
High levels of local resistance to imperialism effectively prevented Europeans from extending their control in West Africa beyond coastal regions until the very end of the twentieth century.
The economic statistics cited by Wesseling in the first paragraph are most likely intended to illustrate which
aspect of the nineteenth-century global context?
The deteriorating working conditions of British industrial workers
The growing demand for calicoes and other Indian textiles in Britain
The role of British imperial policy in reversing the development of Indian textile manufacturing
The spread of socialist ideology in the colonies in response to European economic exploitation
Wesseling’s argument in the second paragraph best illustrates which of the following important distinctions within the practice of imperialism in the nineteenth century?
The difference between European and non-European imperialism
The difference between land-based imperial expansion and overseas or maritime imperial expansion
The difference between the economic costs of imperialism and its economic benefits
The difference between the economic effects of direct and indirect imperialism
Which other process in the mid to late nineteenth century most directly led to situations in which non-Western countries found it very difficult to protect their indigenous industries from Western competition, as
described in the passage?
The imposition of free-trade regimes on countries such as China, the Ottoman Empire, and Latin American countries through military or diplomatic pressure from Western countries
The successful modernization and Westernization of countries such as Japan and Russia, through domestic economic reforms and efforts to attract foreign investments
The evolution of White settler colonies, such as Canada and Australia, into mostly self-governing dominion territories within the British Empire
The emergence and spread of anti-imperialist sentiments and political movements in some European colonies, such as British India and Dutch Indonesia, as a result of the spread of nationalism
Which of the following aspects of the Marxist critique of capitalism would be most useful in understanding why the author of the passage chose to invoke Karl Marx’s thought in the first paragraph?
Most Marxists believed that capitalism would be overthrown by a workers’ revolution, and Wesseling is arguing that colonial workers were also beginning to organize for a revolution.
Many Marxists argued that imperialism is the last and final stage of capitalism, and Wesseling’s analysis is premised on the same belief.
Many Marxists criticized imperialism for arresting the economic development of the colonies and reducing them to mere raw material export economies, and Wesseling appears to agree with that criticism.
Some Marxists emphasized imperialism’s positive economic impacts in introducing more modern modes of production into the colonies, and Wesseling seems to agree with that assessment.
Which of the following best explains why people from nonindustrialized regions constituted the majority of
migrants in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Nonindustrialized regions often experienced large population increases that made it more difficult for people to find local jobs.
Many people from nonindustrialized regions were recruited into the service of European imperial governments.
Many people in nonindustrialized regions were illiterate and unable to find jobs other than performing manual labor.
Nonindustrialized regions were often more susceptible to the spread of epidemic diseases because of a lack of quality medical care.
Which of the following best explains why transoceanic migration increased significantly in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
The development of bourgeois society in Europe led to the adoption of a tiered system of classes of travel on oceangoing ships.
The increased demand for plantation labor in the Americas resulted in larger numbers of African slaves being transported across the Atlantic.
New navigational techniques allowed ships to traverse the open ocean instead of needing to sail along the coasts.
The development of steam-powered ships made it easier and safer for people to cross the oceans.
Which of the following best explains a difference between European and South Asian migration during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Unlike European migrants, South Asian migrants often served as indentured laborers.
European migrants often established enclaves in urban areas, whereas South Asian migrants intermixed with local populations.
European migrants often returned to their home societies, whereas South Asian migrants remained in their new countries.
Unlike European migrants, South Asian migrants often transplanted their culture into their new countries.
Considering global trends in late-nineteenth-century migration movements, the Indian migrations to the Caribbean that produced the demographic situation shown in the table most likely led to which of the following short-term effects?
The emergence of new Hindu-Christian syncretic religions
The creation of Indian ethnic enclaves in Caribbean societies
The expansion of the Indo-Caribbean middle class
The growing popularity of socialism among Indian migrants to the Caribbean
Considering global trends in late-nineteenth-century migration movements, the specific migrations that produced the demographic situation shown in the table most likely contributed to which of the following social or political changes in India?
The granting of suffrage to Indian women
An increase in the number of Indian women engaging in occupations that had formerly been held by men
A decreased emphasis on the importance of marriage and child-rearing in traditional Indian culture
A decline in the use of child labor in Indian agriculture
Compared with late-nineteenth-century East or South Asian migrants to other world regions, the ancestors of the populations shown in the table likely received a somewhat better reception in their host societies for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
Because they mostly arrived in the Caribbean as temporary indentured workers, Indians were not initially expected to stay in their host countries on a permanent basis.
Because they migrated to societies that already had well-established racial hierarchies, Indians in the Caribbean were not usually perceived as belonging to the lowest social class upon their arrival.
Because many Indian immigrants to the Caribbean already understood or spoke some English when they arrived, they generally faced fewer linguistic obstacles to their economic and social integration than did Asian immigrants elsewhere.
Because of the ethnic and religious diversity of Caribbean colonial societies, there was no prejudice against newcomers, and immigrants, including Indian laborers, were generally welcomed by local populations.
The makeup of the force shown in the image is best explained by the fact that by 1917
nationalism in Russia had intensified sharply as a result of the shared experiences of the First World War
new military technologies had made it possible to transport soldiers more rapidly
wartime propaganda had fueled fanatical loyalty to the Tsarist regime among ordinary Russians
Russia’s army morale and home-front effort were collapsing because of the strains of total war
The unrest reflected in the image is best explained by which of the following features of the Russian government at the time of the photograph?
The Russian Empire covered a vast land area, much of which was undeveloped economically.
The Tsarist regime that governed Russia was autocratic and unresponsive to calls for reform.
The Russian Empire was composed of many different ethnic groups that had varying degrees of autonomy.
The Tsarist monarchy was tied to the monarchies of Germany and Great Britain by common family links.
Which of the following best characterizes the significance of the events in Russia in the winter of 1917, as shown in the image?
They started a process that eventually led to a communist revolution.
They convinced Tsarist government leaders to take Russia out of the First World War by concluding a separate peace treaty.
They led directly to the collapse of other land-based empires such as the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
They led to the abolition of the Russian parliament (Duma) and the beginning of direct personal rule by Tsar Nicholas II.
Which of the following events that preceded the outbreak of the First World War best explains why Russian troops were being mobilized against Austria-Hungary, as stated in the first paragraph?
Russia wanted to demonstrate to Austria-Hungary that its military forces had recovered from their defeat during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905.
Russia was confident that its mutual defense treaties with France and Great Britain would ensure that Austria-Hungary would not dare attack it.
Russia was acting in support of Serbia, which was facing an imminent Austro-Hungarian attack following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Russia wanted to divert its people’s attention away from its pressing economic problems and stop the growth of socialist parties.
The passage can best be used to explain the role of which of the following in bringing about the First World War?
Imperialist expansion
Rival great power alliances
Global competition for economic resources
Competing political and social ideologies
Wilhelm II’s assurances in the second paragraph that “nobody is threatening the honor or power of Russia”and that the tsar can “well afford” to await the results of attempts to defuse the crisis best testify to the importance of which of the following factors in the outbreak of the First World War?
Intense nationalism, fueled by mass media, often forced the hand of military and political leaders.
Religious and cultural traditions emphasizing honor and chivalry often led monarchs to disregard the will of their people.
Regional conflicts in Europe were typically resolved by the great powers, with little attention paid to the needs of smaller states.
Because of the rise of pacifism, using force to resolve political disputes had come to be seen as immoral by most segments of European society.
during the first 22 months of the war . . . that resistance to the massive recruitment of West Africans and their deployment on the Western Front was overcome. If the time factor is taken into consideration, a very different picture begins to emerge. It indicates that during the last two-and-a-half years of the war, Senegalese casualties in
Europe were approximately twice as high as those suffered by French infantry combatants.”
Joe Lunn, military historian, “Les Races Guerrières’: Racial Preconceptions in the French Military about West African Soldiers during the First World War,” Journal of Contemporary History, 1999
Which of the following does the author of Source 1 cite as evidence of cultural exchange between East and West Africa during the First World War?
Experiments in architecture and the gathering of souvenirs
Learning parades and drill
Learning the care and maintenance of modern weapons
Spreading methods of disease control and health care
during the first 22 months of the war . . . that resistance to the massive recruitment of West Africans and their deployment on the Western Front was overcome. If the time factor is taken into consideration, a very different picture begins to emerge. It indicates that during the last two-and-a-half years of the war, Senegalese casualties in
Europe were approximately twice as high as those suffered by French infantry combatants.”
Joe Lunn, military historian, “Les Races Guerrières’: Racial Preconceptions in the French Military about West African Soldiers during the First World War,” Journal of Contemporary History, 1999
Which of the following does the author of Source 1 NOT cite as evidence of European science and technology contributing to cultural change in Nigeria?
New concepts of timekeeping
Encounters with modern transportation technology
Gift gathering for women back home
Adoption of European hygiene concepts
during the first 22 months of the war . . . that resistance to the massive recruitment of West Africans and their deployment on the Western Front was overcome. If the time factor is taken into consideration, a very different picture begins to emerge. It indicates that during the last two-and-a-half years of the war, Senegalese casualties in
Europe were approximately twice as high as those suffered by French infantry combatants.”
Joe Lunn, military historian, “Les Races Guerrières’: Racial Preconceptions in the French Military about West African Soldiers during the First World War,” Journal of Contemporary History, 1999
Which of the following does the author of
Source 2 most directly cite as evidence of a higher casualty rate among Senegalese soldiers in combat than among French soldiers in combat?
The casualty rate as a percentage of all soldiers mobilized for the war
The casualty rate among infantry units
The casualty rate after July 1916
The casualty rate among cavalry, artillery, engineering, and aviation units
Which of the following aspects of the immediate historical situation in which the letter was written best explains the author’s demands toward the end of the second paragraph?
The Soviet government used the pretext of the ongoing civil war to engage in repressive policies against entire sections of its population.
Soviet leaders scrambled for influence as they sought to replace an ailing Vladimir Lenin.
The implementation of the first Five Year Plan had resulted in widespread famine and high death rates in the Soviet countryside.
Because of Russia’s late industrialization, its working class was numerically small, limiting popular support for the Bolshevik seizure of power.
The letter’s significance as a source of information on popular attitudes to Bolshevik revolutionary policies lies in the fact that it suggests that some Soviet citizens
condemned the revolution for leaving the means of production in the hands of the bourgeoisie
felt that the Bolsheviks had gone too far in curtailing the property rights of wealthy Soviet citizens
supported the Bolsheviks in their nationalization of industrial property but urged them to seize the upper classes’ private property as well
were grateful to the Bolshevik revolutionary government for providing them with improved living conditions in newly built public housing
Considering the purpose of the letter, it most likely overstates which of the following?
The period of time that has elapsed since power in Russia has been in the hands of the Soviets (first paragraph).
The extent to which wealthy Russians continued to live exactly as they did before the revolution (second paragraph).
The author’s sense of indignation and shame at the perceived injustices of Soviet revolutionary society (second paragraph).
The author’s estimation of Lenin as “the most loyal friend of the proletariat” (third paragraph).
Which of the following best explains a likely significant purpose behind Yanaihara publishing his article in a Canadian journal?
Yanaihara wished to justify continued Japanese colonial rule of Korea to potentially hostile Western states.
Yanaihara wished to intimidate potential Western rivals by describing Japan’s industrial power.
Yanaihara sought to open free trade with Canada in order to alleviate the effects of the Great Depression.
Yanaihara sought to pass on Japanese industrial expertise to underdeveloped countries.
Which of the following best explains the long-term historical significance of the views expressed by Yanaihara in the passage?
They show that some members of the Japanese elite sought to join larger regional trade organizations in order to expand Japan’s economy.
They show that some members of the Japanese elite feared the growth of communist influence in Asia after the Russian Revolution and Chinese Civil War.
They show that some members of the Japanese elite sought to justify aggressive Japanese colonial efforts in China and the Pacific region.
They show that some members of the Japanese elite feared Western influence would disrupt Japan’s traditional Shinto cultural and political practices.
All of the following statements about Canada in the early twentieth century are factually accurate. Which would most likely help to explain why Yanaihara thought that his claims regarding Korea might be well received by a Canadian audience?
Unlike Japan, Canada had never sought to acquire overseas colonies.
Canada had large French and Native American populations that fiercely defended their native cultures.
Canada had various unresolved territorial disputes with the United States regarding vital waterways such as the Saint Lawrence River.
Canada’s economy grew during most of the early twentieth century under British rule, and Canadian troops willingly helped the British Empire defend its colonial territories in Asia and Africa.
In the context of the late 1930s, the arguments that Hitler makes in the last paragraph are most significant in explaining how
the Great Depression gave fascist states an excuse to take over all aspects of economic production
imperialist aspirations contributed to motivating the policies of fascist states
the protectionist policies of Western European states contributed to economic collapse in fascist states
fascist regimes in Europe used settler colonies to provide soldiers for their armies
The point of view that Hitler expresses in the first three paragraphs is most directly significant in helping to explain how which of the following contributed to starting the Second World War?
Nationalist movements in European colonies opposing imperialism
Ideological rivalry between fascist and communist states
The use of mass media such as radio to spread propaganda
The provisions of the Treaty of Versailles that ended the First World War
Based on the historical situation in which the speech was given, Hitler’s most significant motivation for giving the speech was likely to continue to
make his case to the German people that Jews and other minority populations were a threat to Germany
eliminate potential opposition to Nazi rule by labeling political opponents as traitors to the German nation
overstate the extent to which Nazi economic policies had helped Germany overcome the unjust actions of its Western European rivals and prosper again
reinforce the idea to the German people that past injustices required Germany to continue its military buildup and engage in future territorial expansion
Which of the following would best support Schama’s argument in the first paragraph about the role of Churchill’s speeches in Great Britain’s war effort?
Other nations’ leaders during the war also regularly made speeches to their people.
New mass media such as radio greatly expanded the reach of governments’ mobilization efforts.
For almost a full year after the British declaration of war against Germany, there was almost no military action on British soil.
Despite its economic and logistical support for Britain, the United States did not formally join the war against Germany until after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
Which of the following best explains why Schama uses the claim that the British government did not have to apply any “undue pressure” on either factory owners or factory workers during the war?
He wanted to explain why Hitler made “ill-advised strategic decisions” in his choice of tactics to use in the war against Britain.
He wanted to show that military aircraft such as Hurricanes and Spitfires were not the deciding factor in the British victory.
He wanted to prove his point that Britain was a very divided society between the two world wars.
He wanted to support his argument that Britons were completely mobilized for the war effort.
All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which could be most directly used to modify Schama’s argument that the war provided “overwhelming evidence of a new-found British social cohesiveness and mutual loyalty”?
British military production in key sectors such as aircraft and munitions generally outpaced German production after 1940.
Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister in 1940, after Chamberlain had lost the support of the country because of his policy of appeasement of Nazi Germany.
After a brief period of supporting the war effort, the Indian National Congress continued its anti-imperialist agitation, with Gandhi launching a Quit India campaign in 1942.
During the war, the British government took an active role in regulating the economy via the rationing of food and fuel, subsidizing military production, and assuring its population of its intention to adopt social welfare policies after the war had been won.
Which of the following best explains the similarity between Hutu views of the Tutsi in the “Hutu Ten Commandments” and the treatment of Jews in Nazi Germany?
Both the Tutsi and Jews were accused of being in league with communists.
Both the Tutsi and Jews were persecuted based on ethnic prejudice.
Both the Tutsi and Jews were seen as responsible for defeats suffered during previous wars.
Both the Tutsi and Jews were attacked as militant colonizers who had displaced native populations.
The “Hutu Ten Commandments” is best explained as being part of which of the following continuities in twentieth-century history?
The “Hutu Ten Commandments” is best explained as being part of which of the following continuities in twentieth-century history?
Liberal governments attempting to manage the interests of competing ethnic groups
Extremist groups using propaganda to target specific minority populations
New ideologies emerging and presenting challenges to the economic order
All of the following statements about the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups in Rwanda are factually accurate. Which would best explain how the attitudes expressed in the “Hutu Ten Commandments” were a reaction to past developments in Rwandan history?
Traditional Tutsi society was based on pastoralism and animal husbandry, while traditional Hutu society was based on agriculture.
The Tutsi were heavily favored and promoted to positions of power under European colonial rule, while the Hutu were not.
Historically, the Tutsi and Hutu ethnic groups spoke different dialects of the same language.
Hutu and Tutsi were not the only ethnic groups in Rwanda but coexisted with a third ethnic group, the Twa.
Which of the following best explains how this photograph from the Second World War can be connected to the Cold War that began shortly afterward?
It provides evidence of underlying hostility between the Soviet Union and the United States even when they were allied during the Second World War.
It shows the technological advances made by one of the victors of the Second World War that solidified its position as a postwar superpower.
It demonstrates the numerical and material advantages enjoyed by the Allied powers in their conflict with the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan.
It illustrates the convergence of Soviet and American military technology as both countries adopted the same methods of fighting.
The image is best understood in which of the following contexts of both the Second World War and the Cold War?
The greater ability of totalitarian regimes to mobilize their populations for war
The negative economic effects of excessive military spending
The ideological differences that informed both conflicts
The continued importance of industry in improving military capacity
The image could best be understood as evidence for which of the following developments?
The reluctance of the two Cold War superpowers to engage in direct military conflict with each other
The shift in the global balance of power associated with the Second World War
The increasing importance of unconventional methods of warfare as global conflict intensified
The greater technical skills of individual workers necessitated by wartime production
Which of the following best explains Niebuhr’s likely purpose in recounting Soviet actions in postwar Europe?
By pointing out the hypocrisy of Soviet policies, he hoped to encourage a more confrontational stance on the part of the United States government.
By recounting Soviet appropriation of German industrial equipment, he wished to demonstrate the backwardness of Soviet economic development.
By emphasizing the geographic extent of Soviet occupation, he wished to show that Soviet troops were dangerously overextended.
By describing the effectiveness of Soviet information and press policies, he hoped to encourage the United States government to imitate them.
Which of the following most likely explains why Niebuhr chose to publish his article in a popular publication like Life magazine?
Magazines with opinions that were hostile to the Soviet Union could be more easily smuggled into Eastern Europe than books.
The fact that the magazine was not controlled by the United States government would help convince people in Eastern Europe that the opinions expressed were sincere.
While the political elite of the United States was already in agreement with Niebuhr’s position, the general public was generally opposed to it.
To change government policies in a democratic country like the United States, it was first necessary to change public opinion.
Which of the following best explains Niebuhr’s sense of alarm about Soviet intentions in occupied Eastern Europe?
He was concerned that Americans would be reluctant to see their recent allies in the Second World War as a threat.
He was afraid that Soviet success would encourage a socialist revolution in the United States.
He feared that a new military buildup would interfere with the reconstruction of countries devastated by the Second World War.
He wanted to prevent the United States government from enacting censorship of the press similar to the policies of the Soviet authorities in Eastern Europe.
Which of the following developments or processes in the late twentieth century best explains the participation of foreign troops in the Angolan Civil War, as shown in the two photographs?
The creation of the Non-Aligned Movement
The proliferation of Cold War proxy conflicts
The global campaign against apartheid in South Africa
The emergence of ideologically driven movements advocating violence against civilians
The confrontation illustrated in the two photographs can be seen as a specific example of the global rivalries in the period after 1945 that also directly produced which of the following?
The NATO and Warsaw Pact military alliances
The Arab-Israeli conflicts
The Hutu-Tutsi ethnic tensions that led to the Rwanda genocide
Regional economic cooperation blocs, such as the EEC, ASEAN, and Mercosur
Which of the following developments in the period after 1945 most directly prevented localized conflicts such as the one illustrated in the two photographs from escalating into global wars?
The threat of the use of nuclear weapons
The effectiveness of the United Nations as a global guarantor of collective security
Recurring economic downturns, such as the one following the 1973 OPEC oil embargo
The threat of communist revolutions breaking out in the industrialized countries of the West
Which of the following aspects of the immediate historical situation in China in 1958 best explains the author’s perspective in the passage?
The Chinese Communist Party was buoyed by its recent victory in the country’s long civil war.
Chinese leaders had made it clear that meeting the goals of the Great Leap Forward was the highest priority facing the country.
Mao Zedong’s Cultural Revolution had created severe social upheavals and caused widespread suffering among those accused of political dissent.
The new Chinese Communist leadership implemented economic liberalization reform in the aftermath of Mao Zedong’s death.
Which of the following best explains why the passage is likely NOT a reliable source of information regarding the level of popular support and enthusiasm for the Chinese government’s push for iron and steel in 1958?
As a government official, the author would have felt compelled to overstate the success of communist policies of resource redistribution to demonstrate his loyalty to the party.
Communist ideology typically emphasized the importance of urban industrial workers as the primary agents of revolutionary change and minimized the contributions of the peasantry.
As a Chinese author writing in English for a Western audience, the author could have feared persecution from the Chinese communist authorities for openly expressing his views.
Chinese peasants were likely unaware of the economic and social problems created by rapid industrialization policies in other communist countries such as the Soviet Union.
Which of the following best explains the significance of the intended audience of Yin Zeming’s pamphlet in shaping the author’s narrative?
Since it was intended for a domestic Chinese audience skeptical of the economic reforms, the pamphlet seeks to rally the people behind the party line.
Since it was aimed at an audience of Communist Party cadres, the pamphlet discusses at length the responsibilities of party officials in implementing the reforms.
Since it was mostly intended to document the technological and economic achievements of Communist China, the pamphlet refrains from making any overtly political statements.
Since it targets an international audience across the Cold War divide, the pamphlet presents an idealized,propaganda-tinged vision of Chinese accomplishments.
who have swords must use their swords. Those who have no swords must use their spades, hoes, and sticks.Everyone must endeavor to oppose the colonialists and save their country.
Soldiers, self-defense guards, militiamen!
The hour of national liberation has struck! We must sacrifice to our last drop of blood to save our country. We must be ready to endure any hardship. With the determination to sacrifice, victory will be ours!
Long live an independent and unified Vietnam!
Long live the victorious resistance!”
*In 1945 Ho Chi Minh proclaimed an independent republic of Vietnam and war with France broke out in 1946. Ho Chi Minh, Vietnamese political leader, appeal to the Vietnamese population, 1946
As indicated by the passage, Vietnam’s achievement of independence differed in what way from the achievement of independence by many other former colonies?
Vietnam gained its independence through a violent uprising rather than a negotiated settlement.
Vietnam was seeking to gain its independence from a non-European country.
Vietnam achieved its independence in a much shorter time than most other former colonies.
Vietnam’s independence movement relied on support from a narrow segment of the population.
who have swords must use their swords. Those who have no swords must use their spades, hoes, and sticks.Everyone must endeavor to oppose the colonialists and save their country.
Soldiers, self-defense guards, militiamen!
The hour of national liberation has struck! We must sacrifice to our last drop of blood to save our country. We must be ready to endure any hardship. With the determination to sacrifice, victory will be ours!
Long live an independent and unified Vietnam!
Long live the victorious resistance!”
*In 1945 Ho Chi Minh proclaimed an independent republic of Vietnam and war with France broke out in 1946. Ho Chi Minh, Vietnamese political leader, appeal to the Vietnamese population, 1946
As portrayed by Ho Chi Minh in the passage, the Vietnamese independence movement appears most similar to which of the following types of nineteenth-century and early-twentieth-century movements?
Revolutionary socialist movements
Nationalist movements
Anarchist movements
Suffrage movements
who have swords must use their swords. Those who have no swords must use their spades, hoes, and sticks.Everyone must endeavor to oppose the colonialists and save their country.
Soldiers, self-defense guards, militiamen!
The hour of national liberation has struck! We must sacrifice to our last drop of blood to save our country. We must be ready to endure any hardship. With the determination to sacrifice, victory will be ours!
Long live an independent and unified Vietnam!
Long live the victorious resistance!”
*In 1945 Ho Chi Minh proclaimed an independent republic of Vietnam and war with France broke out in 1946. Ho Chi Minh, Vietnamese political leader, appeal to the Vietnamese population, 1946
Compared to the position of anticolonial movements earlier in the twentieth century, the prospects for movements such as Ho Chi Minh’s in the mid-twentieth century could most accurately be described as
weaker because of the growth of Cold War tensions between communist and noncommunist countries
weaker because of improvements in military technology achieved by imperial powers
stronger because of the shift of industry to overseas colonial territories
stronger because the Second World War weakened imperialist powers
Which of the following best explains why the author brings up the example of the Sikh migrant cutting his hair before coming to England as a way of supporting his argument that the experiences of South Asian and European immigrants to Britain were “poles apart”?
Unlike European immigrants, South Asian immigrants were escaping poverty and economic stagnation in their homeland.
Unlike European immigrants, South Asian immigrants could count on the support of existing large migrant communities from their countries of birth.
Unlike European immigrants, South Asian immigrants had to suppress parts of their culture and remove important religious symbols to fit into British society.
Unlike European immigrants, South Asian immigrants brought to Britain cultural norms and religious symbols that gave them advantages in competing for industrial jobs.
The argument in the third paragraph regarding the connection between the Partition of India in 1947 and Punjabi migrations to Britain in the 1950s is most directly supported by the author’s claim that
more Muslims than Hindus were displaced by the Partition in Punjab, leading to disproportionate numbers of migrants to Britain being Muslim
the Partition was accompanied by large-scale mass violence, leading to significant loss of life
India’s cities were flooded with Punjabi refugees from the Partition seeking economic opportunity there
resettling Partition refugees led to an economic crisis in rural Punjab, leading to further population movements
Contrary to the author’s implicit argument in the second paragraph regarding South Asian migrants’ determination to integrate into British society, the migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles typically resulted in
the preservation of cultural and economic ties between former colonies and metropoles, as immigrant communities maintained some connections to their countries of origin
the strengthening of the economic dependency of former colonies on their metropoles, as immigrant communities in the metropoles invested heavily in the economies of their countries of origin
a resurgence of ethnic nationalism and separatism in the former colonial metropoles, as immigrants turned against their host countries
internal divisions within migrant communities as most second-generation immigrants rejected the proassimilation ideas of their parents
Which of the following best explains Lt. Colonel Ojukwu’s purpose in including the information in the first paragraph in his independence proclamation?
He wanted to emphasize the continued economic exploitation of Nigeria by Western global capitalism.
He wanted to convince Nigeria’s elected government to compensate Eastern Nigerians for the economic sacrifices they had made in building the country.
He wanted to advocate for a pan-African solution to the continent’s pressing economic and social problems.
He wanted to outline a list of East Nigerian grievances in order to justify the political action he was about to take.
Which of the flowing best explains how the immediate historical situation of the proclamation of Biafran independence from Nigeria informed the author’s statements in the third paragraph?
Explicitly seeking the support of one of the two superpowers was the expected course of action from most new national governments in Asia and Africa.
Claiming to uphold the rule of law and oppose government corruption had become the norm for those seeking political power, even for military leaders seeking to challenge elected governments.
Presenting their struggle as one against European imperialism was the best way for leaders of African and Asian states to justify their corrupt practices.
Adopting the principles of the Non-Aligned Movement allowed many leaders of new states in Asia and Africa to remain above the proxy conflicts of the Cold War.
Based on the author’s point of view, it is most likely that the information presented in the passage
understates the economic contributions Eastern Nigerians had made to the unified Nigerian state
inadvertently misrepresents the extent of regional differences and identities in Nigerian society
glosses over the responsibility of corrupt politicians in creating the problems facing the unified Nigerian state
overstates the extent to which Northern Nigerians were responsible for undermining the united Nigerian state
The passage can best be used to illustrate which of the following developments in the 1970s and 1980s?
The way in which squabbles among party leaders and intraparty power rivalries gradually undermined the legitimacy of communist regimes in Eastern Europe
The way in which the mobilization of society during the Cold War gave people in Eastern Europe the strength to endure economic hardships
The way in which the liberalization of Soviet policies following the death of Stalin allowed people in the Eastern bloc to express a wide variety of opinions and viewpoints
The way in which government efforts to suppress criticism and restrict freedom of speech proved ineffective in stemming public discontent within communist regimes
As expressed in the passage, Havel’s vision of effecting change in the communist bloc was most consistent with which of the following developments?
State-led programs to increase press freedom and provide greater transparency on past and present political decisions, such as Gorbachev’s glasnost policies
Market-oriented measures to stimulate private initiative and make state-run plants and factories more competitive, such as Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms in China
Grassroots citizens’ organizations forming to protest the economic and social injustices in the Communist bloc, such as the Solidarity labor union in Poland
Violent disintegration of states deemed illegitimate or artificially created, such as the collapse of Yugoslavia
In addition to the factors exemplified by the passage, the end of the Cold War was also directly hastened by all of the following EXCEPT
United States military and diplomatic pressure on the Soviet Union
a deepening economic crisis as a result of a downturn in oil prices
the signing of nuclear arms control treaties between the United States and the Soviet Union
the costly and ultimately unsuccessful Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
