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Worksheetsтеория
Total questions: 149
Worksheet time: 2hrs 30mins
<question3>How do linguists understand language to be?
human
innate
learned
universal
communicative
<question3>What are the main functions of a language?
communicative
phatic
metalinguistic
informative
What is a “phatic” function of a language?
it is the main unity of morphology
it explains language rules by means of the language itself,
it serves to change the form of the same very word.
it maintains social relations (as in greetings or talk about the weather),
What is a “metalinguistic” function of a language?
it is when language is used to express emotions and feelings
it explains language rules by means of the language itself
it is when language is used to influence the behavior of others through commands
when language is used to create aesthetic effects like poetry or slogans
How are language rules explained as a “metalinguistic” function?
By using gestures and facial expressions instead of words
By translating the rules into mathematical formulas
by means of the language itself
By expressing feelings and emotions about the rules
<question2>What are the main properties of linguistic signs?
informative and meaningful.
are always iconic and visually resemble the object they refer to
involve sequences of sounds which represent concrete objects and events as well as abstractions.
are genetically inherited and do not require learning
”Language is a system of communication by speaking, writing, or making signs” according to…
Oxford dictionary
Cambridge dictionary
English dictionary
Meaning dictionary
Who determined the distinction between language and speech?
Ferdinand de Saussure
Noam Chomsky
B.F. Skinner
Leonard Bloomfield
Who stated that “a human language is the distinctive quality of mind”?
R. L. Trask
Leonard Bloomfield
B.F. Skinner
American professor of Linguistics N. Chomsky
Language is “what makes us human”, according to…
According to N. Chomsky
According to R. L. Trask
According to Ferdinand de Saussure
According to Leonard Bloomfield
<question3>What language is regarded “as a true sign language” according to R.Trask?
Pidgin language
complete with a large vocabulary
a rich and complex system of grammar
genuine human language
Cryptic language
Why are the written languages regarded as secondary?
Written languages
they are based on the spoken forms
Sign languages
Artificial languages
<question3>What are universal properties of language?
all languages, the users can express a negative statement, ask a question, issue an order
All languages consist of small elements. In spoken languages these elements are the speech sounds.
All languages have written forms.
All languages have a fixed word order.
All spoken languages have vowels and consonants.
<question2>What structural types are languages classified into?
alphabetic
synthetic
monosyllabic
analytic
<question3>What principles are paradigmatic relations based on?
Membership in a class
Similarity of function
Sequence in time
Substitutability
Co-occurrence in a sentence
<question3>What types can paradigmatic relations be according to different principles of similarity?
phonological
functional
semantic
formal
lexical
What type of similarity is the sentence based on:He used to practice swimming every week. – He practiced swimming every week.
Formal
Synthetic
Analytic
Semantic
<question3>What types can syntagmatic relations be?
predicate
subordinate
descriptive
prescriptive
coordinate
Name the way of expressing secondary predication in the sentences: I want you to call tomorrow. We expect you to visit us.
Complex subject
Compound Subject
Complex object
Compound complex
What purpose was the term ‘grammar’ applied for until the 17th century?
To describe spoken English dialects
to the study of the Latin language, which was taught in grammar schools in England.
To analyze programming languages
To explore phonetics and pronunciation rules
<question3>What language units does Grammar compose?
Grammatical system
Lexical system
Pragmatic system
Phonological system
Cultural system
<question2>What types of Grammar did the pre-scientific stage of English theoretical grammar include?
transformational
descriptive
cognitive
generative
prescriptive
What works on language were published at the Port-Royal Abbey?
Romeo and Juliet
Don Quixote
Art of Thinking
The Bible
Who was the manual:‘New method for learning the Latin language easily and quickly’ written by?
by Lancelot in 1644.
by John Locke in 1690
by René Descartes in 1637
by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1684
<question2>What do the founders of classical scientific grammar in Modern period specialize in?
lexical
syntax
grammar
word
morphology
<question3>Who are the founders of classical scientific grammar in Modern period specialized in syntax and morphology?
C.T. Onions
L.G. Kimball
F. F. Fortunatov
H. R. Stokoe
<question3>What types of analytical methods are used to discover grammatical systems of languages?
historical
comparative
general
descriptive
pragmatic
<question3>Who are the first linguists to speak of the language as a system?
F. de Saussure.
F. F. Fortunatov
I. A. Beaudouin de Courtenay
G.O., Bryant M.M
<question2>What Schools was the international journal “Acta Linguistica” founded by?
Oxford
Prague
Berlin
Copenhagen
Which School’s contribution is the elaboration of the techniques of linguistic analysis to modern linguistics?
Prague School
Copenhagen School
Geneva School
American Descriptive School
Who was the concept:‘Language is a workable system of signals by means of which people communicate’ written by?
Noam Chomsky
Bloomfield's book
Ferdinand de Saussure
Roman Jakobson
What type of Grammar was first suggested by Z. S. Harris?
Structural Grammar
Cognitive Grammar
Transformational grammar
Generative Grammar
What type of grammar analysis was transformed into as one of the most powerful instruments of linguistic research by L.Bloomfield?
Pragmatic analysis
Structural analysis
Transformational analysis
Distributional analysis
What branch of linguistics is semantics?
study of phonetics
study of meaning
study of syntax
study of words
What semantic features has a word according to A.Baker?
sound and tone
context and usage
form and a meaning
syllable count and rhythm
<question2>What are the main features of function words?
use content words to refer to
something that exists or obtains in reality or in
some fictional world.
can be syntactic heads, whereas
function words cannot.
act like the mortar that keeps
the bricks,
the content words, in place
make up the core of the
meaning of the sentence as a whole.
<question2>What are the main features of content words?
act like the mortar that keeps
the bricks, the content words, in place.
make up the core of the
meaning of the sentence as a whole.
Any speaker of the language is free to add new
content words to the vocabulary.
can use content words to refer to
something that exists or obtains in reality or in
some fictional world.
primarily serve a function
within the grammatical system of the language
<question2>What are the ways for words to be related in meaning?
lexical
synonymy
antonymy
semantical
context
<question2>How are synthetic grammatical forms built in the examples: book-books; match-matches; be-was/were; go-went?
grammatical form
Analytical formation
Reduplication
outer inflexion
suppletivity
<question2>What is the aim of Theoretical Grammar?
is not only to
explain what a language is like
is to present a theoretical description of its grammatical system
to
support that explanation with justification
study the mechanisms of sentence formation in the process of speech making
<question2>What structure relations can Theoretical Grammar be determined by?
paradigmatic
syntagmatic
synthetic
morpheme
<question3>What does the index ‘s’ in the English Language express?
present simple for 3rd person singular
plural form of a noun
index of Past Simple
possessive case of a noun
What Grammatical Forms does the Category of Tense include?
Past, Present and Future
Singular and Plural
Descriptive and Prescriptive
Declinable, Indeclinable
What Grammatical Forms does the Category of Number contain?
declinable,indeclinable
Noun-words, Adjective-words
Singular and Plural
Active and Passive
What are the Grammatical Forms of the Category of Voice?
Reflexive Voice
Middle Voice
Active and Passive
Causative Voice
How are all languages classified according to their origin and structure?
Phonological classification
Syntactic classification
genealogy (origin and relations) and of their typology (structure).
Lexical classification
What type of classification is based on the distinguishing similarities and differences of languages structures?
Lexical classification
Syntactic classification
Phonological classification
Typological classification
What ‘building’ components of languagesdoes morphological classification study?
Morphological classification
Phonological classification
Typological classification
Syntactic classification
What type of languages is there no difference between root and stem in?
agglutinative
Insulating
incorporated
inflectional
What types are inflectional languages divided into?
unchangeable and indivisible
association, formation
singular and plural
synthetic and analytical
What meaning does not an auxiliary verb have?
lexical
general
grammatical
syntactic
What aspects of parts of speech does Morphology study as a section of Grammar?
parts of
speech, their grammar meanings, categories
and forms of word.
grammar meanings, categories and forms of word.
main unity of
morphology
minimum unity of a language whose
property is a positional independence.
What is general definition of Word?
is the main unity of morphology; a unity of language that denotes/names a definite object, thing, phenomenon or notion.
science about parts of
speech, their grammar meanings, categories
and forms of word.
A part of the system of language
was regarded as
one of the main notions of the Old Greek
philosophy
What big groups can all the morphemes be divided into?
prefix, suffix
allomorphemes
root morphemes and affixes
Inflective
What part of the word is till the ending?
prefix
suffix
ending
stem
What invariants is morpheme presented by in a language?
Lexemes
Syllables
allomorphemes
Phonemes
What power do allomorphemes have as a linguistic unit?
they have language (they mean sth, they form words’ forms) and phonetic (they sound) power
the allomorphemes of a definite morpheme
can absolutely coincide in pronunciation
the allomorphemes of a definite morpheme
can be not identical in pronunciation
is presented by its
versions
How many Categorematic and how many Syntacategorematic parts of speech are there in English?
8 Categorematic, 5 Syntacategorematic
3 Categorematic, 4 Syntacategorematic
9 Categorematic, 4 Syntacategorematic
2 Categorematic, 4 Syntacategorematic
<question3>What does Word denote as a unity of language?
names phase
names positional independence
names a definite object, thing, phenomenon or notion.
names sentence
Who was the definition :‘Word is a minimum unity of a language whose property is a positional independence’ given by?
H.Sweet
Maslow
Z.S.Harris
F.F.Fortunatov
<question3>What characteristics does Word have as a unity of language?
Inflectional dependency
Morphological restriction
Conjugation
positional independence, mobility, discrete
What characteristics of Word is the following statement: “Different words -parts of speech take different positions in a sentence”.
discrete
mobility
positional independence
Conjugation
What characteristics of Word is the following statement: “Word can exist separately in the contrast to the Morpheme”.
Conjugation
mobility
discrete
positional independence
What position does root take in a word?
prefix
suffix
mobility
main central
<question2>What types of affixes are there in English?
prefix, suffix
root
mobility
discrete
What purpose does inflective affix serve for?
Is a part of a word which does not
change and is always presented in any form of
the word.
Serves to form new words
a significant unity of Morphology
Serves to change the form of the same very word.
What kind of affix is there in the words: invite-invites-invited-inviting?
Inflective
Word formative
Stem
Root
What kind of affix is there in the words:resistance-resistant-resistible-resistor?
Inflective
main central
Word-formative (derivational)
discrete
<question2>How is the morpheme-suffix edpronounced in the words: created-jumped-smiled?
ed means the same - it is the index of Past Simple
Past Participle for regular verbs
d] the morpheme-suffix
in the root morpheme
How is the letter c pronounced in the words: physics-physicist-physician?
k,s,∫
d
k
s
<question2>What principles were there in classification of lexical-grammatical classes according to H.Sweet?
the Form (morphological);
Adjective
verbs
the Function (syntactic).
<question2>What classes of parts of speech did H.Sweet single out according to principle of Form?
indeclinable
declinable
form
function
<question3>What subclasses of declinable parts of speech were singled out by H.Sweet?
Pronoun-words
Noun-words
Adjective-words
Verbs
Adverb-words
What position of a definite part of speech did H.Sweet take into consideration according to principle of Function?
semantic
morphological
syntactic
lexical
What classification principle of parts of speech was not taken into consideration by H.Sweet?
the principle of Function
the principle of Meaning
the principle of Form
the principle of Structure
<question3>What are lexico-grammatical characteristics of Noun?
The categories of number and case.
Typical stem-building morphemes, as in:
work-er, manage-ment, etc. -Left-hand connections with articles,
prepositions, adjectives, possessive pronouns, other nouns, etc.-
Verb-like features
Adjective-like features
The functions of subject, complement (object) and other parts of the sentence. The noun is the most numerous lexico-grammatical class of lexemes.
<question2>What is the division of Nouns according to the category of case?
Declinables
Common
Genitive
indiclinables
What aspects are considered when dividing Nouns into abstract and concrete ones?
features of the action they denote
features of the things they denote
properties of words they indicate
properties of order they indicate
properties of number they indicate
What is specific for material Nouns?
countable
Peculiar
common
group of uncountables.
Define the type of Noun from the given examples: water, air,
milk, sand, medicine, tea, butter
Abstract nouns
Concrete nouns
Proper nouns
Material nouns
<question2>What Case forms do English Nouns have?
nominative
genitive
common
ablative
instrumental
<question2>What does Noun denote associated with numerals?
quality
number
action
order
relation
The plural form of the compound noun is:
Always pluralize the first component:
No change in the compound
Both components are pluralized
Usually final component is made plural
Define the Gender of the words: servant, singer, dancer, enemy,student
Masculine gender
Feminine gender
Common gender
Neuter gender
<question3>What are general functions of the Article?
Morphological
plural
syntactic
singular
semantic
Which feature is not characteristic of the noun?
action
Expressing tense
Taking degrees of comparison
Being used as auxiliary
Which plural form of the compound nouns is correct?
postmans
sister-in-laws
brothers-in-law
forget-me-notes
Which plural form of the compound nouns is incorrect?
passers-by
mothers-in-law
Editors-in-chief
Commander-in-chiefs
Which of the nouns doesn’t belong to pluralia tantum?
Scissors
Book
Trousers
Glasses
Which of the nouns doesn’t belong to singularia tantum?
Chair
Information
Advice
Chair
<question3>What categorical meaning does the Verb convey as a part of speech?
A verb conveys a process that dynamically develops in time
substance
quality
including not only actions (to work, to build), but also states, forms of existence (to be, to become, to lie),
various types of relationships, feelings (to love, to appreciate), etc.
<question3>What is the word formative system of the Verb?
Affixation
Conversion
Regular
Reversion
Irregular
How are the verbs formed by: food-feed, extract- to extract?
changing structure
shifting stress
shifting syllable
alternating vowel sounds
alternating consonants
Define the “subject of transfer” and indirect addition in the sentence: She handed them the book.
she
the book
they
handed
them
Choose the correct spelling versions of verbs with suffix –fy
To magnifie
To magnify
to dignify
To dignifie
What is the origin of Verb suffixes: - fy, -ise?
Roman
Germanic
Genitive
Objective
<question>How are Verb forming prefixes characterised in English?
ineffective
reduced
unproductive
productive
worthless
Choose the correct Phrasal verb to the expression: to do or have smt
take up
to make
to give
to hold
Choose the correct Phrasal verb to the expression: to do smth bad
To get down to
To get up to
To get by
To get over
Choose the correct Phrasal Verb to the expression: to invent smth which is not true
To come up with
To bring up
To take up
to make up
<question2>What are ways of word changing system of English Verb?
paradigmatic
regular
syntagmatic
irregular
Choose the right variant of the sentence in Past Continuous Passive:
The book was being read by her.
The book was being readed by her.
Past Continuous Passive = was/were being + V3
The book was being read by she.
What forms does the subjunctive mood appear in according to B.A.llyish?
indicative and the
conjunctive
the conditional and the
subjunctive
indicative, optative
imperative,
desiderative, subjunctive
How does the number of English moods vary in different theories?
2,3,6
2
3
5
Who differs four moods in English?
Smirnitsky
B.A.Ilyish
Vorontsova
L.N. Vasilevskaya
<question2>How does the indicative mood transfer the action considered by the speaker?
action to a particular time (present, past, future), as real actions cannot exist outside time.
expresses an impulse to
action
action as a real fact.
an urge to perform an
action, this form is not a form of the future
tense.
<question2>What moods in English do not transfer a clear correlation with a particular temporal sphere?
subjunctive
imperative
imperative
conditional
<question3>What types of Mood does the traditional grammar establish in the English language?
conditional
indicative
tense
imperative
subjunctive
Which linguist proposed a system of six moods in English?
Smirnitsky
B.A.Ilyish
Vorontsova
L.L.Lofik
Which sentence is in the imperative mood?
Einstein’s discoveries changed our whole view of the universe.
If I were better qualified, I’d apply for the job.
We were just going to leave when Jean fell and hurt her ankle.
Be quiet! Close the door!
Which sentence is in the indicative mood?
She goes to school every day.
Go to school!
If I were you, I would study more.
If she were taller, she could reach the shelf.
<question3>What does imperative mood express in English?
expressed by the imperative mood is expected to occur in the future
considers the action as
conjectural, possible
expresses a desire or command for an action to be carried out./
conveys an urge or impulse to perform an action
expresses a directive which may or may not
be translated into a fact.
There are two types of predicates according to the structure and meaning. They are:
Dative Predicate
Genitive Predicate
Simple/Compound
Possessive Predicate
The compound predicate may be of two types:
dative and nominative
attributive and genitive
nominal and verbal
accusative and verbal
adjectival and possessive
The first part of the compound predicate is:
noun
adjective
tense
verb
<question3>How does the subjunctive mood consider the action in English?
cannot be correlated with the temporal sphere.
expresses an impulse to
action and thus implicitly implies an action
that has not yet been completed,
conveys the action
considered by the speaker as a real fact
considers the action as
conjectural, possible,
Subjunctive expressess action as hypothetica
<question3>What Tense forms are homonymous with Subjunctive II and Conditional versions of spective mood?
past progressive
past indefinite and past perfect
past perfect continuous
future in-the-past
future-perfect-in-the-past
<question3>What are semantic varieties of oblique moods in English?
Conditional
Subjunctive 1,Subjunctive 2
Future-in-the-Past
Past Perfect
Conditional
Suppositional
<question2>How does the category of Aspect characterize an action in English?
Aspect shows the manner of action
action is in conjunctive position
whether it is in progress (continuous) or not specified (non-continuous)
action is stated being inexact
process as an irrealis
<question3>Choose the verbs having no aspect opposites:
seem
like
hear
feel
watch
How is the aspective category of development composed by the opposition?
pragmatic
By opposition of continuous(be+ing) and non-continuous forms
syntagmatic
secondary
How is an action fulfilled in Passive Voice?
by agent
through the construction
by language
convey result
How are Active and Passive voices opposed according to their forms?
principal, secondary
oblique, spective
direct, indirect
pragmatic, syntagmatic
marked, unmarked
<question3>What Tense forms do not find parallel in the Passive voice?
Future Perfect Cont
Future Cont,Present Perfect Cont
Past Perfect Cont
Present Tense
What connections does Voice demonstrate being morphological category?
between syntax and phonology
between morphology and syntax
links of phonetics and semantics
links of morphology and lexicology
links of grammar and stylistics
How is the action in the sphere of the past time expressed by?
Past Tense forms like Past Indefinite or Perfect Tense
Present Perfect
Present Indefinite
Future-in-the-Past
Define the antonym of: retrospect
Introspection
Reflection
Insight
preview
Define the synonym of: prospect
review
survey
outlook
retrospect
How is the English tense system divided according to N. Irtenyeva?
as a planned
centring in the future
threefold division
six tense- aspect forms
twofold division
What does A.Korsakov mean by dynamic tenses?
Tenses showing the completed state of an action.
Tenses used to describe habitual actions.
Tenses indicating a general truth or fact.
Tenses showing the process or development of an action
<question3>What does Sentence express as an autonomic unity?
Thought
idea
grammatical relations
subject
tenses
<question2>What language unit is the Sentence?
affirmative
Nominative
predicative
negative
question3>What is Sentence characterized by?
Pauses
idea
tone change
stress
The type of the sentence “It is nice world” is:
Interrogative
Exclamatory
Impersonal
Complex
The type of the sentence “Life is full of black and white sides” is:
Interrogative
extended
Imperative
Exclamatory
<question2>What are the main components of the actual sentence division?
theme
noun
theme
verb
What may an inverted word order indicate in a sentence?
A question
expressed by the subject
A passive construction
An exclamatory tone
What component of the statement does the stress indicate?
subject
predicate
Intonation
object
question2>What does the declarative sentence-type express?
question
affirmative
An exclamation
negative
How is the actual division of the sentence mentioned otherwise?
contextual
syntactic
structural
grammatical
<question2>How is the rheme component of the sentence division characterised?
The part of the sentence that provides new or additional information.
The part of the sentence that introduces the subject.
Typically found after the theme and carries the main focus of the sentence.
The component that remains constant throughout the sentence.
<question3>What are three cardinal sentence-types as a communicative unit?
sybjunctive
Declarative
imperative
affirmative
interrogative
The subject in the sentence “Reading is my hobby” is expressed by:
noun phase
pronoun
gerund
verb
According to the structure sentences are divided into:
imperative and exclamatory
negative and general
simple and composite
negative and positive
declaritive and interrogative
Choose the sentence without a passive construction
She writes a letter.
The letter is written by her.
A book was read by him.
The cake is being baked by them.
<question3>What are the main characteristics of Middle voice?
The Middle voice is used exclusively for passive constructions.
The verb expresses an action that is performed for the benefit or interest of the subject.
The subject of the sentence is both the agent and the recipient of the action.
The subject in the Middle voice is the receiver of the action, not the doer.
The Middle voice often emphasizes the subject's involvement in or experience of the action.
The subject in the sentence “There is a lot of truth in that” is expressed by:
there
a lot
truth
of
Which sentence with modals expresses the least degree of certainty?
She will come to the party.
She must come to the party.
She might come to the party.
She can't come to the party.
Which of the following is not a classification of the sentence?
Declarative
Interrogative
harmonic
Imperative
