requires written informed consent due to liver failure and aplastic anemia

Inhibits CYP 2C9/3A4

Weak CYP inducer

Moderate CYP inducer

Potent CYP inducer

Metabolized by UGT

Inhibits UGT

first-line treatment for child-bearing age women due to lower risk of teratogenicity

induces its own metabolism

Testing for HLA B*1502 is receommended

50-100 mg/L

4-12 mg/L

10-20 mg/L

10-40 mg/L

12-46 mg/L

valproate, topiramate, gabapentin

lamotrigine, valproate, carbamazepine

gabapentin, pregabalin

lamotrigine, levetiracetam

gabapentin, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, pregabalin, topiramate may require dose adjustment

avoid topiramate, zonisamide

levetiracetam

aplastic anemia, osteoporosis, agranulocytosis

anterograde amnesia, respiratory depression

respiratory depression, fetal malformation, osteoporosis

nystagmus, gingivial hyperplasia, aplastic anemia

purple glove syndrome, phlebitis, hypotension and arrhythmia

thrombocytopenia, hyperammonemia, alopecia, weight gain

nystagmus, weight gain, peripheral edema, respiratory depression with opioids

Rash

Agitation, aggression, psychosis

SIADH, hyponatremia, rash, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, osteoporosis

cognitive impairment, weight loss, nephrolithiasis

PR interval prolongations, bradycardia

dependence, tolerance, respiratory depression, withdrawal syndrom

nystagmus, weight gain, peripheral edema, respiratory depression with opioids

target serum if 4-12

clinical utility limited by sedation

non-linear kinetics at higher doses

highly protein-bound

renally eliminated, bioavailability declines with higher doses

requires slow titration to reduce idiosyncratic reactions

renally eliminated, can be rapidly titrated

hyponatremia common

titrate slowly to avoid cognitive impairment

partially eliminated by kidneys requiring renal adjustment

Binds GABAA receptor and potentiates GABA by modulating chloride conductance

Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels

Binds to and selectively inhibits synaptic vesicle SV2A protein thereby preventing glutamate release

antagonizes NMDA receptor

Binds GABAA receptor and potentiates GABA by modulating chloride conductance

Binds to and selectively inhibits synaptic vesicle SV2A protein thereby preventing glutamate release

Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels

Inhibition of T-type calcium channels which increases the seizure threshold and suppresses paroxysmal spike-and-wave pattern in absence seizures

Inhibits the release of glutamate by binding to the presynaptic α2δ subunit of calcium channels

Blocks voltage-gated sodium channel; binds to GABAA receptor and augments GABAergic transmission, antagonizes AMPA/kainate glutamate receptor, weak carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Causes increased availability of GABA or may enhance the action of GABA or mimic its action at postsynaptic receptor sites

Inhibitor of GABA reuptake transporter GAT-1

Antagonizes AMPA glutamate receptor