acetylcholine

histamine

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

serotonin

Norepinephrine primarily acts on dopamine receptors to lower blood pressure.

Norepinephrine inhibits adrenergic receptors, decreasing heart rate.

Norepinephrine causes vasodilation and reduces heart rate.

Norepinephrine acts by binding to adrenergic receptors, leading to increased heart rate and vasoconstriction.

Epinephrine decreases heart rate.

Epinephrine stabilizes heart rate.

Epinephrine increases heart rate.

Epinephrine has no effect on heart rate.

1. Nasal decongestant 2. Treatment of hypotension

Antibiotic for infections

Treatment of asthma

Pain relief for headaches

Improved sleep quality

Common side effects of dopamine include nausea, vomiting, increased heart rate, high blood pressure, and psychiatric symptoms.

Weight loss

Decreased appetite

The primary amine in isoproterenol enhances its affinity for alpha receptors.

Isoproterenol's structure is identical to that of epinephrine.

Isoproterenol has a linear structure with no functional groups.

Isoproterenol's structure-activity relationship is characterized by the importance of the isopropyl group for beta receptor affinity, the phenolic hydroxyl groups for binding, and the secondary amine for selectivity towards beta receptors.

Both types of sympathomimetics have the same mechanism of action.

Direct acting sympathomimetics decrease endogenous catecholamine levels.

Indirect acting sympathomimetics increase endogenous catecholamine levels, whereas direct acting ones bind directly to adrenergic receptors.

Indirect acting sympathomimetics bind directly to adrenergic receptors.

Management of high blood pressure

Cough suppression

Treatment of headaches

Relief of nasal congestion

Clonidine increases dopamine levels in the brain.

Clonidine inhibits serotonin reuptake in the synapse.

Clonidine blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart.

Clonidine works by stimulating alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the central nervous system.

Terbutaline functions by inhibiting the release of histamine from mast cells.

Terbutaline functions as a bronchodilator by activating beta-2 adrenergic receptors, leading to relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle.

Terbutaline increases mucus production in the airways, leading to improved airflow.

Terbutaline works by blocking alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, causing bronchoconstriction.

Common side effects of salbutamol include tremors, increased heart rate, palpitations, headache, and muscle cramps. Less common effects may include anxiety, dizziness, and throat irritation.

Weight gain and fatigue

Skin rash and itching

Nausea and vomiting

Ephedrine only increases blood pressure without affecting heart rate.

Metaraminol stimulates both alpha and beta receptors, causing bronchodilation.

Ephedrine stimulates both alpha and beta receptors, causing bronchodilation and increased heart rate, while metaraminol primarily causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure.

Ephedrine primarily causes vasoconstriction and decreases heart rate.

Hydroxyamphetamine increases blood pressure and heart rate.

Hydroxyamphetamine is a pain reliever that reduces inflammation.

Hydroxyamphetamine is an antibiotic used to treat infections.

Hydroxyamphetamine acts as a sympathomimetic agent, causing pupil dilation and reducing intraocular pressure.

Nasal irritation, rebound congestion

Dizziness

Dry mouth

Increased appetite

The structure of dobutamine inhibits alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate.

The structure of dobutamine blocks beta-2 adrenergic receptors, limiting respiratory function.

Dobutamine's structure promotes vasodilation, decreasing blood pressure.

The structure of dobutamine allows selective stimulation of beta-1 adrenergic receptors, enhancing cardiac contractility.

Treatment of hypertension

Treatment of diabetes

Relief of migraine headaches

Management of asthma

Ephedrine acts solely as a sedative without stimulating receptors.

Ephedrine only inhibits the reuptake of serotonin.

Ephedrine has a mixed mechanism of action involving direct stimulation of adrenergic receptors and increased release of norepinephrine.

Ephedrine has no effect on norepinephrine release.

Naphazoline offers rapid relief, longer duration of action, and lower risk of rebound congestion compared to other agents.

Naphazoline causes more rebound congestion than other agents.

Naphazoline has a slower onset of action compared to alternatives.

Naphazoline is less effective in treating nasal congestion than other agents.

Xylometazoline has a longer duration and is non-selective, while phenylephrine is selective and shorter-acting.

Both xylometazoline and phenylephrine have the same duration and selectivity.

Phenylephrine has a longer duration and is non-selective, while xylometazoline is selective and shorter-acting.

Xylometazoline is shorter-acting and selective, while phenylephrine is non-selective and longer-lasting.