The GI system involves both __ and __ organs

(a)  

• The (a)   is a continuous tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus

The mouth, pharynx (throat), salivary glands, and esophagus are digestive tract structures located (a)   the diaphragm

The stomach, small intestines, and large intestines are gastrointestinal tract structures located (a)   the diaphragm

(primarily in the abdomen)- These organs support digestion but are NOT part of the GI Tract itself


(a)  

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are all (a)   organs of the GI tract.

Food is ingested through the (a)   and chewed

Glands in the mouth that release enzymes that initiate the breakdown of food particles into small, digestible molecules.

(a)  

Extends from the undersurface of the skull to the level of the cricoid cartilage in front and to the intervertebral disk between the fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae behind

(a)  

The (a)   is a continuation of the pharynx and ends at the stomach, after passing through the left dome of the diaphragm at the tenth thoracic vertebra level

• Food is mixed and the principal chemical changes occur => food is reduced and converted to chyme

• The (a)   is the first part of the small intestine

Most of the digestive processes take place in the (a)   bowel

Digests carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and some fluids including water and electrolytes are digested and absorbed.

(a)  

• The __ __ absorbs much of the remaining fluid and finally eliminates the undigested products

The (a)   part of the esophagus travels through the neck

The (a)   part of the esophagus is located in the thorax, more specifically in the mediastinum

The (a)   part of the esophagus travels past the diaphragm into the abdomen, reaching the stomach

Which part of the esophagus lies in a groove on the posterior aspect of the LT lobe of liver; connects with the cardiac region of the stomach?

(a)  

The entrance of the esophagus into the stomach occurs through at the (a)  

Visualized on a sagittal ultrasound as a "bulls-eye" or target pattern anterior to the aorta and posterior to the LT lobe of the liver.

(a)  

Muscular sac, that accepts the digested food passing through the esophagus.

(a)  

The stomach includes the __ and __ curvatures

(a)  

The (a)   are small projections on the internal surface of the stomach

The antrum, pyloric canal, and sphincter are parts of the (a)  

• The muscles of the pyloric canal and sphincter can be affected by (a)   , hence become stenotic in infants

This image shows the (a)  

• It is the longest segment of the digestive tract, extending from the stomach to the large intestine

• 22 feet (6.7 meters) long.

The (a)   part of the duodenum is a short part that terminates at the level of GB

The (a)   part of the duodenum is C-shaped portion outlined by the head of the pancreas

The (a)   part of the duodenum is horizontal right to left crossing anterior to IVC, Aorta, and posterior to the SMA

The (a)   part of the duodenum is a short part that is not seen with imaging

What is the arrow pointing to in this image?

(a)  

The (a)   is 2.5 meters (8.2 ft) long

The (a)   is 3.5 meters (11.5 feet) long

The (a)   is the last portion of the small intestine, it extends from the jejunum

The (a)   terminates at the ileocecal valve at the cecum of the large intestine

• __ and __ projections of small intestines are helping with the absorption of the nutrients from the chyme

• Mucosal and submucosal projections of small intestines are helping with the absorption of the nutrients from the chyme

The (a)   are larger folds giving the specific appearance to small intestines; these help with slowing down chymes movement for better absorption

The large intestines are the (a)   part of the GI tract

The large intestines start with the (a)  

• Ileum connected to Cecum with ____ ____

Another cecal landmark is the (a)  

The (a)   is the rudimental intestinal blind-ended extension (vermiform process)

The (a)   runs from the cecal portion cephalic towards the livers inferior margin; makes a left turn as hepatic flexure and continues on as the transverse colon.

The (a)   runs horizontally right to left, makes downturn at Splenic flexure and continues on as a the descending colon.

The (a)   is located at the LLQ, becomes the sigmoid colona

The (a)   is the terminal section of the large intestine that turns into the rectum

The (a)   refers to the small segmented pouches of the bowel separated by pastoral folds.

The (a)   are formed by circumferential contraction of the inner muscular layer of the colon

One haustsrum distends as it fills with chyme, which stimulates muscles to (a)   , pushing the contents to the next haustrum

The stomach, first part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum are all (a)   organs

The appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colom, upper third of rectum, liver, and spleen are considered (a)   organs

The second and third parts of the duodenum, ascending column, pancreas, and kidneys are considered (a)   organs

The descending colon, middle third of rectum, adrenal glands, proximal ureters and gonadal blood vessels are considered (a)   organs

The renal vessels, IVC, and AO are considered (a)   organs

The (a)   is supplied by the descending aorta, left gastric artery, and left phrenic artery.

The (a)   is supplied by the RT and LT gastric arteries, gastroepiploic artery, and gastric vasa brevia.

The (a)   are supplied by the SMA, GDA, superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, and inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

The (a)   are supplied by the inferior and superior mesenteric arteries

The venous system parallels the arterial system and empties in the (a)  

Evaluation of the bowel with US begins with the patient history, followed by US assessment of the wall thickness, gut signature, and motility

(a)  

Blood in stool, leukocytosis, and carcinoembryonic marker are all relevant (a)   data for GI tract examinations

• Intraluminal gas obscuring the posterior structures is a (a)   of ultrasound imaging

• Reverberation artifact, comet-tail artifact, dirty shadow artifact is a (a)   of ultrasound imaging

Regardless of its caliber, the bowel shows a stratified morphology consisting of five concentric rings of alternating echogenicity referred to as the (a)  

The normal bowel from the stomach to the colon has an average mural thickness of __ to __ mm, depending on the degree of distention

(a)  

What is labeled 1 in this image?

(a)  

What is labeled 2 in this image?

(a)  

What is labeled 3 in this image?

(a)  

What is labeled 4 in this image?

(a)  

What is labeled 5 in this image?

(a)  

The (a)   layer of the bowel directly contacts the intraluminal contents; lined with epithelial folds; echogenic

The (a)   layer of the bowel is hypoechoic.

The (a)   layer of the bowel is echogenic

The (a)   contains circular and longitudinal bands of fiber; hypoechoic

The (a)   is a thin, loose layer of connective tissue; echogenic

What is labeled 1?

(a)  

What is labeled 2?

(a)  

What is labeled 3?

(a)  

What is labeled 4?

(a)  

What is labeled 5?

(a)  

The odd numbered walls (first, third, and fifth) are (a)  

The even numbered walls are (second and fourth) (a)  

What is labeled A in this image?

(a)  

The arrow in this image is pointing to the (a)  

The arrow in this image is pointing to the (a)  

• (a)   can be visualized on its course over Iliopsoas muscle and Iliac vessels

• the small bowel wall is less than (a)   mm thick

These images show the (a)  

• (a)   , air movement, or movement of intraluminal fluid contents is easily seen

These images show the (a)  

If the colon is dilated, the sonographer should measure from the fluid to the (a)   of the wall

• (a)   is located on the abdominal wall under McBurney’s point

• (a)   point is located by drawing a line from the right anterosuperior iliac spine to the umbilicus

The outer layer of the appendix should be less than (a)   mm

• Position of the (a)   varies; among the known configurations – retrocecal variant –

  challenging to visualize

• Target-shaped appearance

the appendix is located immediately (a)   to abdominal wall muscle and adipose tissue, at the depth of 2 cm in that patient (with pressure applied)