While coaching your client through Romanian deadlifts, you remind them to feel the stretch in the back of their thighs and explain that they’re working the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles. These muscles are part of which major muscle group?

What is not a physiological mechanism responsible for regulating stroke volume?

Which of the following is not a way oxygen can be carried in blood?

How does the hormonal (endocrine) system support the body during and after exercise?

When a person intends to increase their physical activity and thinks about it now and then, but still does not feel ready to become physically active, what process of the transtheoretical model is this describing?

During a rotational medicine ball throw, what plane is the torso moving through?

What is the primary function of arteries in the cardiovascular system?

In the context of tactical strength and conditioning, understanding the force-velocity relationship is critical for selecting the right type of training. According to the force-velocity curve, which of the following best describes the relationship between force and velocity during muscular contractions?

The biceps brachii, an elbow flexor, also contributes to what movement at the shoulder joint?

When an untrained individual and a trained individual perform the same submaximal exercise, how do their hormonal responses typically differ?

The conversion of ADP + Pi to ATP is known as what?

When a change in tension is sensed at the musculotendinous junction, what activates in the tendon?

Funneling lactate into the blood to be transported to the liver, where it is converted to glucose, is know as what?

Which part of the heart’s conduction system is responsible for initiating electrical impulses that set the pace for the heartbeat?

A tactical athlete performs a single max-effort sled push lasting just a few seconds. Which energy system is primarily responsible for supplying energy during this type of short-duration, high-intensity activity lasting around six seconds or less?

Why does stroke volume (SV) increase more significantly during aerobic endurance training compared to resistance training?

Which anatomical plane figuratively divides the body into right and left halves?

You’re coaching a client through a heavy squat, and you notice they’re holding their breath and bracing their core using the Valsalva maneuver. Which of the following immediate blood pressure responses is most likely to happen during this technique?

When a joint is located near one end of the body segment (e.g., the arm), with the muscle force exerted farther away from the joint than the weight or resistance, this is referred to as which of the following?

Performing a biceps curl exercise is an illustration of what type of lever?

While helping your client understand how the body produces movement, you use a calf raise as an example of a lever system. You explain that in this movement, the ball of the foot acts as the fulcrum, the calf muscles provide the effort, and the body weight is the resistance. What class of lever does this represent?

Which of the following is not a type of hormone?

A firefighter enters a burning building and suddenly hears a loud explosion, triggering an immediate fight-or-flight response. Which body system is primarily responsible for starting this reaction?

When the intensification of a training stimulus continues without adequate recovery and regeneration, this is known as which of the following?

Which part of the conduction system of the heart is responsible for delaying the electrical signal before the signal is transmitted to the ventricles?

Which of the following is responsible for initiating the stretch reflex?

Which of the following terms refers to the rate of movement through a ROM that is controlled and not the resistance on the barbell or standard weight training machine?

What does the term  oxygen uptake refer to?

Which firefighter task involves movement in the transverse plane?

The rectus femoris and sartorius are part of which muscle group?

If Josh is trying to improve his vertical jump, what resistance exercise should be implemented to enhance his ability?

Which of the following hormones is considered a catabolic hormone?

Richard is performing heavy back squats, and on his third and final repetition he leans forward more than on his other two reps. Where would there lie the greatest amount of torque while in a leaning-forward position?

Which of the following activities places the lowest demand on anaerobic glycolysis?

A highly advanced tactical athlete is being evaluated by his trainer after several months of training. Most recently, he has been focusing on endurance training. Which of the following would decrease after consistent aerobic endurance training?

Which of the following is not a mechanism that contributes to varying degrees of peripheral blood concentrations of hormones?

Which of the following energy systems does an aerobic athlete least need to focus on optimizing during training?

An athlete's program includes strength training, sprinting, plyometrics, and agility work. What type of activities are considered?

During a biceps curl, what point throughout the range of motion would have the largest torque value?

Which of the following muscles contributes to dorsiflexion in the ankle joint?

According to anatomical structure differences, who should be able to lift more weight in a bicep curl?

Surface drag provides what type of resistive force?

Which of the following is not considered anatomical dead space?

When determining a client's goals in the initial meet and greet, you start using the SMART acronym. What does the "A" in SMART stand for?

When training special populations, increasing their maximal aerobic power is essential. How do we normally refer to maximal aerobic power?

How do the remodeling cells within bone tissue respond to resistance training to add new bone?

What is the maximum recommended exposure time for firefighters working in an environment over 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees F)?

An athlete eats a small snack prior to an intense workout with his strength and conditioning coach. Which type of glycogen is most important for high-intensity activity?

Which of the following is the smallest unit of skeletal muscle featuring an overlap of actin and myosin?

During the eccentric movement of the biceps curl exercise, the triceps brachii acts as which type of mover?

Cortisol primarily signals metabolism for which macronutrient?

What is the name for the synapse between a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates?

What type of training device uses variable resistance to ensure that the rate of movement remains constant throughout a range of motion?

What is not a benefit of BCAA supplementation for a tactical athlete?

During a pursuit of an armed suspect, a police officer experiences the activation of the fight-or-flight response. Which body system is primarily engaged at the onset of this reaction?

What type of cartilage can be found between the intervertebral disks?

Which energy pathway provides ATP for high-intensity activity lasting 30-90 seconds?

Your skeletal muscle tissue has the characteristic of being able to stretch beyond its normal resting length. What is this referred to?

Which type of athlete would most likely have the highest mitochondrial density?

An action potential signals the release of which of the following in order to stimulate a muscle contraction?

Which of the following is the end product of short-burst, high-intensity muscular activities?

The myocardium is part of what structure?

Various exercise training modalities can increase serum testosterone concentrations in boys and younger men. Which of the following training modalities does not do so?

Metabolism is the total of what two reactions?

Which muscle does not contribute to creating an anterior tilt of the pelvis?

Which of the following is not considered a type of connective tissue of a muscle?

Which of the following would decrease as a physiological adaptation to resistance training?

Every muscle has an origin and an insertion. What is a way of discerning between the two?

Which of the following is responsible for building bone tissue?

Which of the following provides sensory feedback to the CNS so that it can elicit the proper amount of muscle contractile force to overcome the resistance placed upon the muscle?

Which of the following is not an adaptation to resistance training?

An athlete continues to train despite feeling tired and not fueling his body properly. The trainer attempts to educate the athlete on the potential negative effects his actions may have on his body. 

Which of the following is most likely to occur?

The lowering phase of a bench press would cause what kind of muscle action?

Which structure is not considered a component instrumental in keeping the ball of the humerus in place in the shoulder joint?

When the blood glucose level is too low, the body releases what hormone to increase blood glucose levels?

An athlete is instructed to imagine a past achievement as a method to increase motivation. Which of the following would best describe this type of motivation?

Gary is a 35-year-old looking to begin an aerobic exercise program, and his doctor tells him to begin his program at a lower intensity—around 55% of his maximal heart rate. His resting heart rate is 65 bpm. 

Using the Karvonen method, how can Gary estimate his age-predicted maximal heart rate (APMHR) and his target heart rate (THR)?

How much power (ft-lb/sec) does Taylor produce by performing deadlifts with 200 lbs for 10 repetitions in 40 seconds, where he moves the barbell 2 feet on each lift?

What is the cause of peripheral fatigue that occurs during exercise?

During aerobic exercise, what measure is increasing as intensity increases?

What is a potential hormone adaptation as a result of aerobic training?

Which of the following is not true about cartilage?

Which of the following athlete types would have the greatest amount of Type II muscle fibers?

An athlete recently sustained an injury to their shoulder after a fall. They were diagnosed with a complete tear to the teres major muscle. Which of the following actions would you expect the athlete to have difficulty performing?

The nerves that innervate skeletal muscle are called which of the following?

During the eccentric phase of a jump, what is happening to the elastic energy?

Which of the following types of muscle fibers has a high oxidative capacity, low contractile force, and small size?

A strength coach notices that an athlete is exhibiting unusual fatigue, mood changes, and an increase in illnesses. The coach assesses the athlete's exercise frequency, volume, or intensity of training, in order to screen for what condition?

When a person is stretching, what do muscle spindles trigger in an attempt to stop further stretching?

Which of the following enzyme activities is incorrect when it comes to physiological adaptations to aerobic endurance training? 

What must pyruvate be converted to when entering the mitochondria and heading to the Krebs cycle?

If Jared performs a set of 10 repetitions of the push press, pressing the bar up a distance of 2 feet with a bar weighing 50 pounds, what is his positive mechanical work for that set?

The ilioocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis are part of which of the following muscle groups?

Which of the following is an example of a flat bone?

What is another name for spongy bone tissue found at the ends of long bones?

Which of these is not a knee flexor?

What is known as an act, object, or event that decreases the likelihood of future operant behavior when the punishment follows that behavior?

How much ATP is generated from 1 molecule of glucose during aerobic metabolism?

During what type of muscle action is strength greatest?

Where are platelets, red blood cells, and most white blood cells made?

Within the first few weeks of training, what is most responsible for strength improvements?

Where does internal respiration occur?

Which structural firefighter task primarily uses the ATP/CP system?

Which of the following is an agonist in leg extension?

What are the regulatory proteins in myofilaments that play a role in the sliding filament mechanism?

What physiological adaptation might we see after consistent blood doping?

Which of the following is the pressure in the arteries following contraction of the heart?

Which of the following concepts is a popular method of understanding hormone receptors? P19-22

The debatable concept that muscle fibers can actually split longitudinally, resulting in additional muscle fibers, is known as what? P172-176

While stretching after a workout, your client asks how muscles are able to lengthen beyond their normal resting position without tearing. Which characteristic of skeletal muscle tissue allows muscles to safely stretch beyond their resting length? P28

Which of the following are examples of two body segments that are part of the axial skeleton? P26-28

A tactical strength coach is designing a program to maximize intramuscular coordination, the ability to recruit and synchronize motor units more efficiently. Which training approach is most effective for achieving this goal? P60

After returning from a three-week deployment with limited access to training equipment, a tactical athlete experiences noticeable declines in strength and endurance. Compared to the original time it took to develop these fitness levels, how does the process of retraining typically compare? P62-63

Which of the following blood vessels is primarily responsible for gas exchange between the blood and active tissues, fulfilling the main function of the cardiorespiratory system? P14

Which joint is considered the most mobile joint in the human body?

What is the typical blood pressure response during aerobic exercise in healthy individuals? P18

Which of the following correctly identifies the four chambers of the human heart? P11

Which training approach is most effective for increasing muscle size (hypertrophy) in tactical strength and conditioning? P60

Pushing your hands together in front of your chest with no external movement is an example of which type of exercise? P43-44

Which of the following best defines cardiac output? P18

Which of the following best describes how minute ventilation adapts to regular aerobic endurance training? P21

What training variable has the greatest impact on enhancing performance? P56

Which of the following is a kinesiological factor that influences an individual's mobility and flexibility? P263

An athlete is performing an upper body workout in order to improve overall strength. During a biceps curl, when would the biceps be performing a concentric muscle action? P34

How does the resting cardiovascular function of a trained individual typically compare to that of an untrained individual, assuming body size is similar? P21

The ability of experienced lifters to recruit high-threshold motor units before low-threshold motor units is known as what type of recruitment? P36-37

You’re coaching a client through a wall sit and explain that this exercise strengthens the muscles without requiring movement. What type of muscle strengthening exercise is this? P43-44

An athlete performs a series of workouts to improve his overall strength. He owns a weightlifting belt and would like to utilize it during his workouts. Which of the following exercises does not require a weightlifting belt? P418-420

Which of the following describes systolic blood pressure? P14-16

Which of the following best describes the difference between end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV) in cardiac function? P12

Which of the following is not one of the three major categories of muscle fiber types? P 35

Which of the following best describes the effects of sympathetic nervous system activation during exercise? P 20

During a muscle contraction, certain proteins act as "gatekeepers," controlling whether the contractile proteins can interact and generate force. As a trainer explaining this to your client, which proteins would you identify as being responsible for this regulatory function in the sliding filament mechanism? P 30

How does stored glycogen in skeletal muscle typically adapt in response to both strength training and aerobic endurance training? P 65

When you multiply the muscle force times the torque arm, this distance is referred to as which of the following? P 41-42

Regular aerobic endurance training leads to a significant increase in total blood volume. What is the typical percentage increase in blood volume observed with consistent aerobic training? P21

Research shows that resistance training improves flow-mediated dilation (FMD), a marker of endothelial function. Approximately how much can FMD increase as a result of consistent resistance training? P21

During a dynamic warm-up, a tactical athlete performs high-knee skips to activate the lower body. Which sensory receptor is primarily responsible for detecting the rapid stretch in the muscle and triggering a reflexive contraction to prevent overstretching? P 36

Hormones are released during and after heavy resistance training sessions. How would aerobic training affect hormone sensitivity? P 22

What is the primary purpose of the Valsalva maneuver during heavy resistance training? P18

Which of the following best defines muscular endurance in the context of tactical strength and conditioning? P 58

What percentage of VO2max will cause a shift in fatty acid oxidation to carbohydrate? P51

What is an example of an energy substrate? CH4

During a tactical strength session, an athlete attempts a heavy deadlift. As the tension in the muscle and tendon rapidly increases, which sensory receptor helps protect the muscle from excessive force by triggering relaxation? P 38

While coaching a client through a controlled lowering phase of a biceps curl, they ask what the triceps are doing during that part of the movement. How would you describe the role of the triceps brachii during the eccentric (lowering) phase of the biceps curl? P 28

During a tactical training drill, a soldier performs a clean and press to hoist a heavy sandbag overhead quickly. Which biomechanical factor best reflects the ability to generate high force in a short amount of time? P 46

Which of the following formulas is used to estimate Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) at rest? P 15

When a baseball pitcher is extending the elbow and getting ready to release the ball, which muscle is acting as the agonist and which the antagonist? P 28-30

When a person's back is slightly rounded, what type of spinal description is given to it? P164?

Which of the following structures serves as the only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles, allowing the transmission of action potentials in the heart? P 12

Which of the following is not a symptom of overtraining? P 437-438

How is resting minute ventilation affected following an aerobic endurance training program? P21

While coaching a tactical athlete through a shoulder press, you notice they struggle most at the midpoint of the lift. This point reflects the greatest mechanical disadvantage due to the relationship between the force generated by the muscle and the external load. What term best describes the opposing rotational force created by the external load in this scenario? P 41-42

After 12 to 24 months of consistent aerobic endurance training, what is the typical percentage increase in VO₂ max from baseline in a well-designed program for a tactical athlete? P 65

Which of the following best defines tidal volume? P 16

During a high-intensity drill, a tactical athlete performs repeated short sprints and loaded carries. What is the primary metabolic byproduct produced during these short-burst, high-intensity muscular efforts? P 51

Which type of exercise is most likely to cause a significant increase in catecholamine levels, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine? P 19-20

During a high-intensity obstacle course, a tactical athlete relies on rapid bursts of speed and power to climb, sprint, and jump. Which type of muscle fiber is most responsible for producing these explosive efforts? P 36

Which of the following hormones are classified as catecholamines? P 19

Daniel is performing a barbell deadlift for ten repetitions. What type of muscle action are his abdominals performing? P 43

A tactical athlete performing body armor-loaded training relies heavily on structural support and shock absorption. Which classification of bones includes those with complex shapes, like the vertebrae, that are uniquely designed for protection and movement in multiple planes? P27

During a consultation, a client asks how their body regulates things like metabolism, heart function, and fat storage. As a trainer, how would you explain which body system is primarily responsible for controlling these functions? P 20

During a consultation, a client asks how their body regulates things like metabolism, heart function, and fat storage. As a trainer, how would you explain which body system is primarily responsible for controlling these functions? P 20

What does the T wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represent? P 13

Activities such as resistance training that are high-intensity, and thus have a high power output, require a rapid rate of supplied energy and rely almost entirely on which energy system? P 50

A tactical athlete has been overtraining and is being evaluated by a medical professional. Which of the following hormones might you see an increase of as a result of overtraining? P 438

A client asks how to know if their cardio fitness is really improving. As their trainer, which measurement would you tell them is the most accurate indicator of their aerobic fitness level? P 20

What is the primary role of chemoreceptors during exercise? P 19

Which of the following physiological adjustments might we experience when first entering an area of high altitude? P 463-464

When designing a conditioning program for tactical athletes, which training variable has the greatest influence on driving improvements in physical performance such as strength, speed, and endurance? P 56

How would you calculate one's rate-pressure product? P 15-18

During a tactical strength training session, an athlete is performing heavy barbell squats near their one-rep max. How are velocity and muscular power typically affected when lifting very heavy loads? P 61

How can we measure cardiac output? P 12

How does capillary density in skeletal muscle typically respond to aerobic endurance training compared to heavy strength training? P 65

An untrained person would typically reach the lactate threshold at what percentage of their VO2max? P 51

When analyzing the sarcomere, there are plenty of areas of overlap between myosin and actin. Which area of the sarcomere has no actin during the relaxation phase of muscle contraction? P 29-32

While observing a tactical athlete performing pull-ups, you notice that their strength seems to drop off when they hang too low or pull too high. This change in performance is best explained by which physiological principle? P 34

An athlete performs a barbell bench press with a spotter during an upper-body strength workout. During what phase of a barbell bench press is negative work being performed? P 46

An athlete performs a barbell bench press with a spotter during an upper-body strength workout. During what phase of a barbell bench press is negative work being performed? P 46