WorksheetsAncient Art, PART 2
Total questions: 45
Worksheet time: 6hrs 5mins
Ancient Greek Art (just for clarity)
,
.
Ancient Greek Art: Cycladic Art- The Cyclades were small farming settlements which grew into major towns. There are not much creations that exist nowadays, except for the Cycladic period figures made from marble. This one is called...
Male harp player from Keros, c. 2600-2300 BCE
Kore from Chios, c. 570 BCE
Doryphoros by Polykleitos, c. 440 BCE
Venus de Milo, c. 130–100 BCE
Ancient Greek Art: Minoan Art (c. 2000-1100 BC)- foundation of the main cities in Crete. One of the people' s creations was called....
The Parthenon — a Classical Greek temple in Athens, built much later.
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia — a major Classical Greek temple, unrelated to Minoan Crete.
Ancient Greek Art: Minoan Art (c. 2000-1100 BC)- foundation of the main cities in Crete. One of the people' s creations was called....
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus — a Hellenistic tomb
Ancient Greek Art: Mycenean Art- Mainland Greece, known for their fortified citadels, royal thombs within the cities. Their significance in architecture is their
Large marble temples dedicated to the gods
Mosaic floors depicting everyday life
Pottery and gold work, which depict their wars
Mosaic floors depicting everyday life
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Archaic Art (480-323 BC)- How did the Greek Archaic Period ended?
with the defeat of Alexander the Great in Persia
with the fall of the Roman Empire
with the start of the Peloponnesian War
with the persians being ejected from Greece for good after the battles of Plataea and Mykale in 479 BCE
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Archaic Art (480-323 BC)- What changed/ was created in the political structure?
Unified Greek empire under one ruler
Democratic empire ruled by a senate
City states/Polis
Absolute monarchy with divine kings
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Archaic Art (480-323 BC)- The changes were:
•Increasing population of Greece,
• increasing amount trade, which in turn led to colonization and a new age of intellectual ideas: Democracy.
• The first Greek alphabet being developed.
• From c. 650 BC: use of stone to build temples and sacred architectures.
• Development of architectural orders; sculptors learning the complexity of human body and try to represent standing out sculptures.
TRUE
FALSE
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Archaic Art (480-323 BC)- This is called (a)
- commonly known as The Calf Bearer, c. 560 BC
-The sculpture was found on the Athenian Acropolis in 1864. It is made of permeable limestone, and its plinth was attached to the right foot of the sculpture
- The inscription on that plinth claims that this statue was dedicated by someone named Rhombos to Athena, goddess of wisdom
- He stands with his left foot a little forward, like other kouroi
- The challenge of representing man and animal together is successfully accomplished
- "Archaic smile"
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Archaic Art (480-323 BC)- This is called (a) c. 580 BC
• Free-standing figures that depict the male youth.
• One leg stepping forward, arms locked to their sides.
• Egyptian models
• Kouros (pl. kouroi, ancient word for boy) and kore (pl. korai, ancient word for girl) were typical statues of the archaic period. Votive sculptures, representing nen and women voting to a god; generally located in the nearby of temples and often painted
• To give the figures a sense of life, most kouros and kore figures smile
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Archaic Art (480-323 BC)- This is called (a)
The intact clay pottery vessel was found at the Dipylon cemetery (755-750 BC), near the Dipylon Gate, in Kerameikos, the ancient potters quarter on the northwest side of the ancient city of Athens. It is one of around 50 examples attributed to an unknown artist given the notname of "the Dipylon Master", one of the earliest individually identifiable Greek artists.
The amphora is entirely covered with horizontal bands of geometric, animal and bird motifs. A rectangular panel on the shoulder depicts a funerary scene.
The human and animal figures are treated in the stylized, simplified manner of Geometric art.
Example of Black Figure Pottery.
Special commission for the funeral of a wealthy Athenian, possibly a woman.
Ancient Greek Art: In order to unite the people in the Dartk Ages, the Panhellenic games were created.
TRUE
FALSE
Ancient Greek Architecture
• Examples of Archaic period architecture consist of decorative sculptures.
• Classical Greek architecture is best represented by substantially intact ruins of temples and open-air theaters.
• The architectural style of classical Greece can be divided into three separate orders: the Doric Order, the lonic Order, and the Corinthian Order. All three styles have had a profound impact on Western architecture of later periods.
• While the three orders of Greek architecture are most easily recognizable by their capitals, the orders also governed the form, proportions, details, and relationships of the columns, entablature, pediment, and stylobate.
• The Parthenon is considered the most important surviving building of classical Greece, and the zenith of Doric Order architecture.
AN EXEMPLE COULD BE 'Temple of Hera'/ 'Heraion', Olympia, c. 590 BC
TRUE
FALSE
Ancient Greek Art: There were 3 main Greek Architectural Orders:
Aeolic, Tuscan, Composite
Mycenaean, Cycladic, Minoan
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian
Attic, Delian, Panhellenic
Ancient Greek Art:
• The functions of the temple mainly concentrated on the cella (naos), the "dwelling" of the cult statue. The elaboration of the temple's external aspects served to stress the dignity of the cella. In contrast, the cella itself was often finished with some moderation.
• The back room of the temple, the opisthodomos, usually served as a storage space for cult equipment. It could also hold the temple treasury.
• Pronaos (plural pronaoi): the outer part of an ancient Greek temple forming a portico immediately in front of the cella.
• Anta: a pier produced by thickening a wall at its termination.
HOW IS THIS TEMPLE CALLED?
Parthenon
Temple of Hera
Temple of Apollo at Didyma
The Greek Temple
Ancient Greek Art: The Greek Theatre-
Large, open-air structures used for dramatic performances.
The location and construction often took advantage of hillsides and naturally sloping terrain and, in general, utilized the panoramic landscape as the backdrop to the stage itself.
The Greek theater is composed of
• the seating area (theatron),
• a circular space for the chorus to perform (orchestra),
• and the stage (skene).
Two side aisles (parados, pl. paradoi) provided access to the orchestra.
TRUE
FALSE
Ancient Greek Art: The Persian Invasion of Greece (480 BC)-
Persian Wars 499-449 BC
A series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire of Persia and Greek city-states.
• First Persian War culminated in the Battle of Marathon (490 BC) where the Greek army defeated the more numerous Persians, marking a turning point in the Greco-Persian Wars.
• Second Persian War: In 480 BC, Xerxes, King of Persia, personally led the second Persian invasion of Greece with one of the largest ancient armies ever assembled.
• Battle of Thermopylae (480 BC): Victory of Xerses over the allied Greek states and consequent torch and rape of Athens; many temples vandalized and destroyed.
• Battle of Plataea (479 BC): offensive of the Greek confederation and defeat of Persian army, ending the invasion of Greece by the Achaemenid Empire.
• "Persian debris"', or "Persian rubble" refers to all the architectural and votive sculptures that were seriously damaged by the invading Persian army on the Acropolis of Athens in 480 BC and then buried ceremoniously by the Athenians.
• Pericles 464 - 429: Athens becomes the effective capital of Greek civilization.
• Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC): fought by the Delian League led by Athens against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta.
TRUE
FALSE
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Classical Art (480-323 BC)- Classical Period 480 - 323 B.C.
Early Classical Period
Severe Style (480-450 B.C.)
The "Severe" style of sculpture marks the transition from the Archaic to the early Classical period. This style hows an interest in naturalism, which was a more subdued and realistic departure from the Archaic.
• The Severe style is a product of much experimentation. The "Archaic smile" and plank-like poses were replaced by sculpture that displayed sharp facial features and possessed staring eyes filled with precious stones.
• Bodily forms were significantly more defined as there was interest and study of anatomical details. The contrapposto pose, involving one leg held back and supporting the body with the other leg free, allows the upper torso to swing off the body's axis and thus lends a more realistic feeling to the piece.
• Experimentation with bronze as an artistic medium. Using the lost-wax technique, artists could create sculptures more durable than stone, which allowed for more expressive poses. Arms could be outstretched and bodies more contorted since the use of a support was no longer required.
• Sculpture in the Severe style, unlike in previous periods, could be viewed from all angles and not limited to viewing from the front only
TRUE
FALSE
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Classical Art (480-323 BC)- This temple is called (a) , in the Greek Island of Aegina, 510-500 BC. There are a lot of sculptures of warriors.
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Classical Art (480-323 BC)- This temple is called (a) at Olympia. Even though the temple does not exist nowadays, we have a pediment filled with sculptures.
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Classical Art (480-323 BC)- How did ancient Greeks used to create their bronze statues such as 'Charioteer of Delphi' (475 BC)?
Direct hammering technique
Lost Wax Technique/ Cire Perdue (in french)
Stone-to-metal transposition
Clay-core additive casting
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Classical Art (480-323 BC)- This bronze statue is called (a) , found in a sunken ship at Cape Artemission, Greece (460-450 BC).
• It was recovered from a Roman shipwreck near Cape
Artemesion in 1928
• It is actually unknown whether the sculpture is of Zeus or Poseidon and whether the object it originally brandished in its right hand was a thunderbolt or a trident, depending on who it is supposed to be
• Zeus appears to be paused in action with his stance, although no muscles are noticeably contracted. He stands with most of his weight shifted to one foot while the other lightly touches the ground and his arms are extended showing an openness that is only possible because he is made of bronze rather than stone
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Classical Art (480-323 BC)- This bronze statue is called (a) ,460-450 BCE.
The Riace Warriors are a set of two nude, bronze sculptures of male warriors that were recovered off the coast of Riace, Italy. They are a prime example of Early Classical sculpture and the transition between Archaic to Classical sculpting styles.
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Classical Art (480-323 BC)-High Classical Art(450-400): This sculpture is (a) in the 4th century BC.
Roman marble copy (torso and thighs) with restored head, arms, legs and drapery support.
• One of the first life-sized representations of the nude female form in Greek history, displaying an alternative idea to male heroic nudity.
• The original Greek sculpture is no longer in existence; however, many Roman copies survive of this influential work of art.
• Because the various copies show different body shapes, poses and accessories, the original can only be described in general terms.
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Classical Art (480-323 BC)-High Classical Art(450-400): This sculpture is (a) in the 5th century BC.
Roman marble copy from the original bronze dated c. 450 B.C. National Roman Museum, Palazzo Massimo, Rome
• Youthful ancient Greek athlete throwing discus.
• The original Greek bronze is lost but the work is known through numerous Roman copies.
• Myron has created the enduring pattern of athletic energy.
• The moment captured in the statue is an example of rhythmus, harmony and balance.
• Desire of perfection.
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Classical Art (480-323 BC)-High Classical Art(450-400): This sculptures are (a) 440 BC (left) and 430 BC (right).
Polykleitos (the sculptor), along with Phidias, is thought to have created the style recognized as Classical Greek
• The athletes are shown in contraorosto stances
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Classical Art (480-323 BC)-High Classical Art(450-400): This sculpture is (a) from c. 440 BC, by Polykleitos.
Marble copy from a bronze original (now lost)
National Archeological Museum, Naples
• Sculptural work as a demonstration of his written treatise, entitled the "Kanon", exemplifying what he considered to be the perfectly harmonious and balanced proportions of the human body in the sculpted form.
• Contrapposto stance (Italian for "counterpoise")
• Muscular body, Spartan ideal of body.
• Left hand once held a spear.
• Found in Pompeii in a place for athletic training.
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Classical Art (480-323 BC)-High Classical Art(450-400): Phidias (sculptor)
• Phidias was the sculptor and artistic director of the Athenian Acropolis, who oversaw the sculptural program of all the Acropolis' buildings.
• He was considered one of the greatest sculptors of his time.
• He created monumental cult statues of gold and ivory for city-states across Greece.
LIKE: 'Athena Parthenos', Housed in the Parthenon in Centennial Park, Nashville, TN and 'Zeus' at Olympia Resides in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia.
TRUE
FALSE
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Classical Art (480-323 BC)-Late Classical Art(400-323 BC): This is called..., by Phidias
(a)
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Classical Art (480-323 BC): This is called..., Iktinos and Kallikrates, 447-438 BC
• considered the most important surviving building of classical Greece and the zenith of Doric Order architecture.
• It is a former temple on the Athenian Acropolis dedicated to the patron goddess of Athens, Athena.
• Construction began in 447 BCE, when the Athenian Empire was at its peak.
• Construction was completed in 438 BCE, but decoration of the building continued until 432 BCE.
• Although most architectural elements of the temple belong to the Doric Order, a continuous sculptured frieze in low relief that sits above the architrave belongs to the lonic style.
(a)
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Classical Art (480-323 BC): Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon, 447-438 BC-
• The most important surviving building of Classical Greece.
• Constructed under the leadership of Pericles after the Persian sack of Athens in 480 BC destroyed the original Acropolis.
• The temple is peripteral , and so is surrounded by a row of columns.
• In front of both the pronaos (porch) and opisthodomos is a single row of prostyle columns.
• The pronaos is so small it is almost non-existent.
• lonic elements in a Doric temple: rear room contains lonic capitals and the frieze on the interior is lonic.
Architecture: Ictinus
• Sculptures: Phidias
TRUE
FALSE
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Classical Art (480-323 BC): This temple is (a) in Acropolis of Athens, designed by Kallikrates 425-420 BC.
• Earliest fully lonic temple on the Acropolis
• Tetrastyle (four column) lonic structure with a colonnaded portico at both front and rear facades (amphiprostyle), designed by the architect Kallikrates
• Small and elegant edifice, 8x5 meters, frieze with battle scenes among Greek and their enemies
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Classical Art (480-323 BC): This temple is (a) , designed by Mnesicles, 421-406 BC.
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Classical Art (480-323 BC): This temple is .....Priène, Turkey. c. 200 B.C.
Important civic building in a Greek city, as it was the meeting place of the boule (citizen council) of the city. These select representatives assembled to handle public affairs and represent the citizenry of the polis (in ancient Athens the boule was comprised of 500 members). It generally was a covered, rectilinear building with stepped seating surrounding a central speaker's well in which an altar was placed.
The Athenian ........:
The Athenian Boule is better known as thel
Council of 500. Solon was credited with its formation in 594 BC as an assembly of 100
men each from Athen's four original tribes.
At the adoption of the new constitution around 507 BC, this was changed to 50 men each from the 10 newly created tribes. Each served a one-year term.
(a)
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Hellenistic Art (323-30 BC)- What affected the the Hellenistic period?
The fall of the Roman Republic
The Rule of Alexander The Great (336-323 BCE)
The founding of the Delian League
The Persian Wars
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Hellenistic Art (323-30 BC)- What is it called? (c. 150 BCE)
(a)
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Hellenistic Art (323-30 BC)- What is it called? (c. 313 BC) at Didyma, Turkey
Architects: Paionios of Ephesus and Daphnis of Miletus
(a)
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Hellenistic Art (323-30 BC)- What is it called?
Scale model of ....... as it might have looked in antiquity.
......... Museum, Berlin.
• Center left: Theatre of ..........
• Center right: Altar of Zeus.
• The ancient city of ........., now modern day Bergama in Turkey.
• It was ruled under the Attalid dynasty.
• A prime example of Hellenistic architecture and the convergence of nature and architectural design to create dramatic and theatrical sites.
(a)
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Hellenistic Art (323-30 BC)- At the center right of the Pergamon is situated the Altar of Zeus. The Gigantomachy is at The Altar of Zeus (c. 175 BCE, in Bergama, Turkey).
(on the left side of the photo) Nereus, Doris, a Giant, and Oceanus: Located on the north frieze of the Altar of Zeus. The high relief and deep drilling of the figures also increases the liveliness and naturalism of the scene.
(on the right side of the photo) Athena and Alkyoneos: Located on the east frieze of the Altar of Zeus. The entire composition is depicted in a chiastic shape, and the scene is filled with the tension and emotion that are key features in Hellenistic sculpture.
TRUE
FALSE
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Hellenistic Art (323-30 BC)
TRUE
FALSE
Sculptures in the Hellenistic Period can be depicted by
Arete, which refers to excellence or virtue
Eudaimonia — A philosophical term meaning happiness or flourishing
Sophrosyne, which means moderation or self-control
The greek word 'pathos', which means experience, misfortune, condition.
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Hellenistic Art (323-30 BC)- This is called (a) , also known as the Winged Victory (c. 190 BCE).
• Dramatic twist and contrapposto of the torso.
• Wet drapery look; shows evidence of invisible wind on her body.
• Lommemorates a naval victory.
• The figure was most likely set within a fountain, creating a theatrical setting where both the imagery and the auditory effect of the fountain would create a striking image of action and triumph.
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Hellenistic Art (323-30 BC)
TRUE
FALSE
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Hellenistic Art (323-30 BC)
TRUE
FALSE
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Hellenistic Art (323-30 BC): This is (a) (c. 200-180 BCE). The sculptor is Alexandros of Antioch.
Ancient Greek Art: Greek Hellenistic Art (323-30 BC): This is (a) (early 15 century BCE).
This marble statue is attributed by the Roman historian Pliny the Elder to the sculptors Agesander, Athenodoros, and Polydorus from the island of Rhodes.
This detail of Laocoön's face shows the carving and detail, the attention to the musculature of the body, and the deep drilling that are all characteristic elements of the Hellenistic style.
