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WorksheetsPBN - RADIO NAVIGATION EASA 2022
Total questions: 108
Worksheet time: 54mins
According to ICAO PBN Manual, the airspace concept has been developed in order to satisfy the following strategic objectives: safety, capacity, efficiency, environment and access. This is to be achieved by enhancements in:
Communications (COM)
Navigation (NAV)
Surveillance (SUR)
Air Traffic Management (ATM)
List the factors used to define area navigation (RNAV) or required navigation performance (RNP) system performance requirements:
accuracy, integrity, continuity, complexity
accuracy, continuity
accuracy, integrity
accuracy, integrity, continuity
List all components of performance-based navigation (PBN):
Navigation Specification and Navigation Application
Navigational Regulation, Navigation Specification and Navigation Application
Navigational Aid Infrastructure, Navigation Specification and Navigation Application
Navigational Aid Infrastructure and Navigation Specification
What is true about performance-based navigation (PBN)?
It is not sensor specific.
It requires the development of sensor-specific procedures and routes.
It is similar to conventional navigation; both require a ground-based infrastructure.
It is based on navigation specifications which are sensor specific.
A PBN system cannot be based on:
GPS
NDB/DME
DME/DME
IRU
In the approach phases of flight, PBN accommodates:
angular laterally guided operations.
linear laterally guided operations.
both linear and angular laterally guided operations.
no laterally guided operations but only longitudinally guided operations.
In oceanic/remote, en-route, and terminal phases of flight. PBN is limited to:
operations with angular lateral performance requirements and time constraints.
linear and angular laterally guided operations.
operations with linear lateral performance requirements and time constraints.
ILS/MLS/GLS approach and landing operations.
Define performance-based navigation (PBN).
A three-dimensional optimum flight path computed by the FMS with reference to aircraft data stored in its performance database and pilot-entered flight parameters.
The selection of airway routings and instrument procedures according to the performance capabilities and rights specified in the licenses of the pilots.
Area navigation based on performance requirements for aircraft operating along an ATS route, on an instrument approach procedure or in a designated airspace.
A specified combination of ground- and satellite-based as well as inertial navigation equipment designed to ensure a performance which allows aircraft to be operated in certain airspaces or along ATS routes.
Which of the following are components of PBN?
1. The NAVAID infrastructure
2. Pilot training
3. The navigation specification
4. Integrity control
5. The navigation application
Which statement is true if you compare raw data with compute data?
Sensor-based data is often referred to raw data. PBN is mainly based on such data.
Conventional radio navigation is based on raw data like information from navigation aids and measured air data.
PBN is based on computed data which is highly sensor specific.
Raw data are based on computed data.
"X" in RNAV X or RNP X is the (1)_________ navigation accuracy (total system error) in (2)_______, which is expected to be achieved at least (3)______ of the flight time by the population of aircraft operating within the airspace, route or procedure.
(1) lateral; (2) NM; (3) 95 %
(1) lateral; (2) km: (3) 90 %
(1) longitudinal; (2) NM; (3) 99%
(1) lateral; (2) NM; (3) 93 %
RNAV 10 and RN P 4 are used:
in the oceanic and remote phase of flight.
in the approach phase of flight.
in all phases of flight, except in the oceanic and remote phase of flight.
in the en-route, approach and departure phase of flight.
On some charts you can find the following abbreviations: "RNP AR APCH". What does "AR" mean?
AREA
AUTHORIZATION REQUIRED
ARRIVING
AERODROME RUNWAY
RNAV 1 and RNP 1 are used:
in the arrival and departure phases of flight.
in all phases of flight, except for oceanic and remove phases.
in the arrival phases of flight.
in the departure phases of flight.
RNP 2 is used:
in the en-route and terminal phases of flight.
in all phases of flight.
in the en-route, oceanic and remote phases of flight.
in oceanic and remote phases of flight.
State the difference between Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP). RNP is RNAV that includes requirements for:
integrating air traffic control (ATC) surveillance monitoring and alerting.
ground-based and satellite-based performance monitoring and alerting.
satellite-based performance monitoring and alerting.
on-board performance monitoring and alerting.
RNP APCH is used:
in all phases of flight, except for oceanic and remote phases.
in all phases of flight, except for approach phases.
in the arrival and en-route phases of flight.
in the approach phase of flight.
RNP AR APCH is used:
in all phases of flight, except for approach phases.
in the approach phase of flight.
in all phases of flight, except for remote phases.
in the arrival, approach and en-route phases of flight.
List all basic functional requirements of the RNAV and RNP specifications:
1) continuous indication of lateral deviation
2) distance/bearing to active waypoint
3) Ground speed or time to active waypoint
4) navigation data storage
5) failure indication
3, 4, 5
1, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 3, 5
"RNP type" is defined as a containment value expressed as a distance in from the intended position within which flights would be far at least of the total flying time.
Km, 90%
Km, 95%
NM, 90%
NM, 95%
Which of the following statements is true about RNP / RNAV navigation specifications?
Aircraft approved for the more stringent functional requirements automatically meet the accuracy requirements of the navigation specification that has a less stringent functional requirement.
Aircraft approved for the more stringent accuracy requirements automatically meet the functional requirements of the navigation specification that has a less stringent accuracy requirement.
Aircraft approved for the more stringent accuracy requirements may not necessarily meet some of the functional requirements of the navigation specification that has a less stringent accuracy requirement.
Accuracy requirements are always similar to the functional requirements.
RNP 0.3 navigation specification is used:
in all phases of flight, except for the final approach phase.
in all phases of flight, except for oceanic, remote and final approach phases.
in all phases of flight, except for oceanic and remote phases.
in all phases of flight.
Which of the following are some of the required navigation functionalities of RNAV and RNP specifications?
1. Continuous indication of lateral deviation
2. Continuous indication of vertical deviation
3. Distance and bearing to active waypoint
4. Groundspeed or time to the active waypoint
5. Navigation data storage
6. An FMC
1, 2, 3 and 5
1, 3, 4 and 5
2, 4, 5 and 6
2, 3, 4 and 6
RNAV 2 might be used:
in all phases of flight.
in the en-route continental, arrival and departure phases of flight.
in oceanic and remote phases of flight.
in all phases of flight except approach phases
You are briefing an approach to an airfield which uses PBN operations. Which kind of specifications do you encounter in the STAR?
1. RNAV 5
2. RNP AR APCH
3. RNAV 1
4. RNAV 10
3, 4
1, 3
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 3, 4
RNP 0.3 is used...
in all phases of flight, except for oceanic/remote and final approach, primarily far helicopters.
in approach phases only.
in oceanic phases of flights or over remote areas where the navaid infrastructure is rather weak compared to populated mainland areas.
mainly on arrival and departure phases of flight.
RNP 5 (Required Navigation Performance) requires a navigation accuracy of:
+/- 5 NM lateral 99% of the flight time.
+/- 5 NM lateral 95% of the flight time.
+/- 5 km lateral 90% of the flight time.
+/- 0.5 NM lateral 95% of the flight time.
PBN path terminator "DF" means:
Destination Fix
Doppler Fix
Designated Fix
Direct Fix
PBN path terminator "TF" means:
Track to Fix
Terminal Fix
Tower Fix
Time to Fix
The PBN path terminators define:
a specific type of termination of RNP or RNAV procedures.
a specific type of termination of ATC clearances.
a specific type of termination of a flight plan.
a specific type of termination of the previous flight path.
Concerning PBN - Performance Based Navigation - which of the following terms refers to fixed radius path for en-route sections?
RF leg type.
TMA leg type.
ABC leg type.
FRT leg type.
What is correct about fly-by/fly-over waypoints and turns?
A turn via a fly-over waypoint is always shorter than a rum via a fly-by waypoint.
A fly-by waypoint is a waypoint at which a turn is initiated in order to join the next segment of a route or procedure.
A fly-by waypoint is a waypoint which requires turn anticipation to allow tangential interception of the next segment of a route or procedure.
A fly-over waypoint is a waypoint which requires rum anticipation to allow tangential interception of the next segment of a route or procedure.
PBN path terminator "IF" means:
Intermediate Fix
Initial Fix
Inner Fix
Illuminated Fix
Concerning PBN - Performance Based Navigation - what is the name of a curved terminal or approach section, defined by fix, radius & arc length?
Fixed radius path.
Radius approach.
Curved terminal approach.
Faxed arc approach.
PBN path terminator "CA" means:
Course to an Altitude
Centre Altitude
Certified Altitude
Centre Approach
PBN path terminator "FA" means:
Fix to Approach
Final Approach
Fix to Altitude
Final Altitude
PBN path terminator "CF" means:
Centre Fix
Certified Fix
Course to Fix
Civil Fix
An error during PBN operations rising from the RNAV system and its inability to accurately specify the desired path is a:
Path Definition Error (PDE)
Flight Technical Error (FTE)
Navigation System Error (NSE)
Crew Error (CE)
For performance-based navigation (PBN) operations, the PBN navigation database cycle must be valid for the current AIRAC cycle. Updates to the PBN cycle occur every:
28 days.
45 days.
14 days.
90 days.
During an RNP approach in the final approach segment. a message saying UNABLE RNP is displayed on the GNSS receiver. What should the pilot do?
Initiate a missed approach.
Continue using alternative means of navigation, if available (e.g. VOR, ILS).
Limit the maximum deflection to half the instrument scale instead of full scale.
Continue the approach to the next higher available minima only (e.g. LNAV instead of LNAV/VNAV)
Which error of the on-board performance monitoring and alerting system for PBN operations is managed by on-board systems or crew procedures (pilot monitoring)?
Flight Technical Error (FTE)
Navigation System Error (NSE)
Path definition Error (PDE)
Total System Error (TSE)
In preparation for an RNP approach, the GNSS equipment intended to be used shows a RAIM prediction error. This means, that...
at the expected time of approach, an insufficient number of satellites to assure fault detection is predicted to be available.
at the expected time of approach, the predicted navigation accuracy of the system is worse than the requirement far that approach coded in the database.
the GNSS cannot calculate the estimated time of arrival at the initial approach fix.
the automatic RAIM prediction function has failed and the pilot has to verify the number of available satellites with the ATC.
The Total System Error (TSE) during PBN operations encompasses:
PDE + FTE - NSE
PDE + FTE + NSE
PDE x FTE x NSE
PDE x FTE / NSE
When performing an RNP approach, which of the following situations leads to a missed approach unless sufficient visual contact is established?
1. Communications failure.
2. TCAS RA.
3. Position fix differs from the other instruments.
4. The actual navigation accuracy exceeds the required navigation accuracy.
5. The lateral deviation exceeds instrument full scale deflection.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2, 4, 5
1, 2, 4
2, 3, 4, 5
An error during PBN operations in the accuracy of determining actual aircraft coordinates is a:
Path Definition Error (PDE)
Flight Technical Error (FTE)
Navigation System Error (NSE)
Crew Coordination Error (CCE)
An error during PBN operations related to the execution of flight along the defined path refers to a:
Path Definition Error (PDE)
Flight Technical Error (FTE)
Navigation System Error (NSE)
Flight Path Error (FPE)
An RNP APCH to LNAV/VNAV minima based on BARO-VNAV can only be conducted when the aircraft is within a promulgated temperature range. The reason for this is that: (Assume: automatic correction system not installed)
static vents can be blocked due to icing when approaching in IMC, hence leading to a loss of vertical guidance.
the difference between true height and published decision height has to be limited to a maximum value.
the assessment of the vertical position of the aircraft, in relation to the glide path angle (GPA) during the approach is based on barometric data.
the calculated true air speed (TAS) is based on the standard atmosphere and any significant differences will lead to an approach speed which could be too slow or too fast.
What is the difference between the on-board navigation specifications RNP1 and RNAV1?
A performance-monitoring function is required for bath RNP 1 and RNAV 1. An alerting function is only required for RNP 1.
An alerting function is required for bath RNP 1 and RNAV 1. A performance-monitoring function is only required for RNP 1.
A performance-monitoring and alerting function is required for RNAV 1 only.
A performance-monitoring and alerting function is required for RNP 1 only.
From the selection below, choose a PBN procedure which is classified as a non-precision approach (NPA):
RNP approach to LNAV/VNAV minima.
RNP approach to LPV minima.
RNP approach to LNAV minima.
RNP approach to GLS minima.
RNAV 1, RNAV 2, RNP 1 and RNP 2 routes can be modified by pilots:
manually, by inserting range and bearing to a new waypoint, in response to an ATC clearance.
manually, by inserting the geographical coordinates, in response to an ATC clearance.
by deleting or inserting waypoints in the navigation database or manually by inserting rho/theta values of the new waypoint.
by inserting or deleting waypoints in the database, in response to an ATC clearance.
You are cleared by ATC to fly an RNAV STAR to your destination airport. On loading the STAR from your FMS, you notice a waypoint is missing on your navigation display (ND). Which of the follow statements are correct/ incorrect?
1. The route may be modified through the insertion or deletion of specific
waypoints (from the database), in response to an ATC re-clearance.
2. The STAR should be amended through the insertion of new waypoints
based on latitude/longitude or place/bearing/distance fixes.
(1) correct. (2) correct
(1) correct. (2) incorrect
(1) incorrect, (2) correct
(1) incorrect, (2) incorrect
According to European regulations, which statement is correct regarding approval required for PBN specification?
Some PBN operations require approval.
All PBN operations require approval.
PBN operations do not require approval.
The approval required is operator dependent.
Can operators extend their RNP 10 navigation capability time?
No, this is not possible.
Yes, they can extend the time by updating.
Yes, they can extend the time by adding an additional LRNS.
Yes, they can extend the time if the aircraft is equipped with two IRS systems.
RNAV 10 requires that aircraft operating in oceanic and remote areas be equipped with at least:
Two independent and serviceable long-range navigation systems (LRNSs) comprising an INS, an inertial reference system (IRS)/flight management system IRS (FMS) or a GNSS.
Three independent and serviceable long-range navigation systems (LRNSs) comprising an INS, an inertial reference system (IRS)/flight management system IRS (FMS) or a GNSS.
Two independent and serviceable long-range navigation systems (LRNSs) comprising an inertial reference system (IRS)/flight management system IRS (FMS) or a GNSS.
Two independent and serviceable long-range navigation systems (LRNSs) comprising an INS or an inertial reference system (IRS)/flight management system IRS (FMS).
In an RNAV approach to LNAV/VNAV minima, LNAV is based on GNSS and VNAV is based on:
GBAS or Radio-VNAV
SBAS or GBAS
SBAS or Baro-VNAV
Radio-VNAV or Baro-VNAV
A-RNP incorporates the navigation specifications:
1. RNAV APCH
2. RNAV 1
3. RNAV 5
4.RNP1 /RNP2
5.RNP APCH
2, 3, 4, 5
1, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 4, 5
1, 2, 3, 4
What kind of NAVAIDs are required for performance-based navigation (PBN) operations on a route for which RNP10 is required?
DME/DME/IRU
DME/DME
VOR/DME
None
In case a discrepancy occurred between the on-board navigation database and the published procedure:
the commander has to decide if an RNP APCH is possible.
pilots can fly an RNP APCH after they have received a corresponding clearance from ATC.
Pilots can fly an RNP APCH if they use higher minima.
pilots must not fly an RNP APCH.
What is required to fly an RNP approach with LPV minima?
SBAS and FAS data block.
Authorization.
LNAV and VNAV capability.
Be equipped with at least two LRNSs.
Which of the following are considered PBN 3D approaches?
1. GNSS + VNAV
2. GLS
3. PAR
4. RNP 1
5. ILS
6. SBAS
1 and 6
1, 5 and 6
1, 2, 4 and 6
1, 2, 3, 4 and 6
RNAV (RNP) is an RNP approach
True
False
During normal RNP AR APCH, pilots should limit cross-track error to _________ the associated navigation accuracy.
0.1
0.3
1
1/2
During normal RNP AR APCH, the vertical deviation during the Final Approach Segment (FAS) must be within:
75ft
100ft
150ft
200ft
In the event that any loss of RNAV capability is experienced the pilot should:
Notify ATC including the proposed course of action.
Climb or descend 300 feet and notify ATC.
Notify ATC and declare an emergency.
Divert from the current track by 40 degrees and notify ATC
Prior to commencing any kind of RNP procedure, flight crews should:
Verify the correct sensor is being used for position computation when using a multisensor system.
Confirm the correct procedure has been selected, including waypoint sequence, reasonableness of track angles, distances, and other parameters.
Review maintenance logs and forms to ascertain the equipment required for flight in RNP airspace or on an RNP route is operational.
All of the answers are correct.
What letters identify Local RNAV routes?
Q, T, Z or W
T, Y, H or Q
Q, Z, T or Y
V, W, J or H
What is RNP 0.3 used for?
Oceanic, continental, en-route and airspaces considered to be remote
Arrival and departure phases of flight
Oceanic, remote continental, arrival and departure phases of flight
All phases of flight except oceanic/remote and final approach
What is a DF leg?
a path that the aircraft's track from an initial area, direct to the next waypoint
a path that terminates at a fix with a specified course at that fix
a constant radius circular path around a defined turn point that starts and terminates at a fix
a great circle track over the ground between two known database fixes
When PBN is required for the route or procedure to be flown, that the relevant PBN navigation specification is stated in the:
AIP (Aeronautical Information Publication) or other document
Doc 9613 (Performance-based Navigation Manual) or other document
NOTAM (Notice to Air Missions) or other document
AFM (Aircraft Flight Manual) or other document
The RNAV and RNP ________ issued for an aircraft's equipment depends on the manufacturer, class and model of the avionics used to satisfy the PBN requirements.
Classifications
Qualifications
Specifications
Performances
When a/c use fly-by, turn of more than ______ degrees should be closely monitored to avoid possible overtake situations
45
90
180
360
What is a CF leg?
a path that the aircraft's track from an initial area, direct to the next waypoint
a path that terminates at a fix with a specified course at that fix
a constant radius circular path around a defined turn point that starts and terminates at a fix
a great circle track over the ground between two known database fixes
What is a CA leg?
a specified track over the ground from a database fix to a specified altitude at an unspecified position
a specified course to a specific altitude at an unspecified position
a specified course to intercept a subsequent
a specified heading to a specific altitude termination at an unspecified position
Pre-stored information in Navigation Database include:
NAVAIDs, Waypoints, Leg types, ATS Routes, Terminal Procedures, Related information
NAVAIDs, Waypoints, ATS Routes, Emergency Procedures, Related information
NAVAIDs, Waypoints, Leg types, ATS Routes, Holding Procedures, Related information.
NAVAIDs, Waypoints, ATS Routes, Terminal Procedures, Related information
A wide coverage augmentation system in which the user receives augmentation information from a satellite-based transmitter is
Aircraft-based augmentation system (ABAS)
Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS)
Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM)
Satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS)
an RNAV (GPS) approach with minimums that are typically lower than LNAV or LNAV/VNAV approaches is
LP
LPV
LNAV
Baro - VNAV
An advanced function of the FMS designed to calculate and adjust the speed of the aircraft in an attempt to arrive at a point within a defined time limit is:
Time of Arrival Calculation
Time of Arrival Control
Estimated Time of Arrival
Time Of Arrival Function
The letter "Z" in the approach title indicates:
The pilot must be given the correct Zulu time prior to commencing the approach.
The approach goes to multiple runways
There is more the one RNAV approach to this runway
None of the above
Waypoint:
a predetermined geographical position that is defined in terms of latitude/longitude coordinates.
it may be a simple named point in space or associated with existing navaids, intersections, or fixes.
most often used to indicate a change in direction, speed, or altitude along the desired path
All of the answers are correct.
A specified track over the ground from a database fix to a specific DME distance that is from a specific database DME NAVAID
FD leg
CD leg
TD leg
VD leg
RAIM:
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
Radar Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
Receiver Automatic Information Monitoring
Receiver Autonomous Integrally Monitoring
LPV: an RNAV (GPS) approach with minimums that are typically lower than ---------- approaches
LNAV
LNAV or LNAV/VNAV
A set of aircraft and aircrew requirements needed to support Performance-based Navigation operations within a defined airspace.
Navigation specification
the application of a navigation specification and the supporting NAVAID infrastructure, to routes, procedures, and/or defined airspace volume, in accordance with the intended airspace concept.
Application of navigation tools
Navigation application
Navigation specification
navigation system which permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within the coverage of station-referenced navigation aids or within the limits of the capability of self-contained aids, or a combination of these.
RNAV system
An ATS route established for the use of aircraft adhering to a prescribed RNP navigation specification
A designated instrument flight rule (IFR) departure route linking the aerodrome or a specified runway of the aerodrome with a specified significant point, normally on a designated ATS route, at which the en-route phase of a flight commences
Performance-based Navigation (PBN), in simple terms, ___________________ based to performance based.
NAVIGATION PROCEDURES as an ________ to point-to-point navigation techniques using ground based stations only
What are the primary navigation inputs used by RNAV system?
INS, Mapping Radar, FMC database
INS, Navigation Aids, TAS and Drift
Nav Aids, INS, FMC database
Nav Aids, Mapping Radar, FMC database
Which of the following is a 2D approach?
ILS
LPV
LNAV
LNAV/VNAV
Which of the following is a 3D approach?
LNAV
VOR/DME
LPV
SRA
Which of the following may be required for a LNAV/VNAV approach? (Select 2)
SBAS
Dual GNSS sensors
Baro/VNAV
DME
Which of the following requires specific authorisation?
SRA
RNP APCH
RNP AR APCH
RNAV 1
For the RNAV 5 specification, the population of aircraft operating within the airspace, route, or procedure are expected to be
Within 5nm of the desired path at least 95% of the time
Within 5nm of their displayed position at least 95% of the time
Within 5km of their displayed position at least 95% of the time
Within 5nm of the desired path at least 99% of the time
Which of the following sources may be used for RNAV compliance?
ILS
NDB
GNSS
RADAR
Which of the following may be used in the approach phase of flight?
RNAV 1
RNP APCH
RNP 4
P-RNAV
Under which of the following circumstances may GNSS be used as a means of primary navigation? a. To overlay an NDB approach contained within a current equipment database b. To fly a RNAV or RNP approach contained within the equipment’s database c. To fly a published terminal NDB hold when the aircraft is not equipped with ADF d. To fly the final approach track of an ILS
To overlay an NDB approach contained within a current equipment database
To fly a RNAV or RNP approach contained within the equipment’s database
To fly a published terminal NDB hold when the aircraft is not equipped with ADF
To fly the final approach track of an ILS
The Time to Alert (TTA) for an LPV approach is
6 seconds
10 seconds
15 minutes
5 seconds
In terms of PBN, accuracy is defined as
The trust that can be placed in the navigation solution
The ability of the system to present usable information to the operator
The measure of the precision of the navigation solution
The ability of the system to perform its function without interruption
PBN consists of three elements. They are
Navigation Application, Specification and Infrastructure
RNAV, RNP and Beacon Hopping
Ground, Space and Control
Space, User and Control
PBN accommodates both linear and angular laterally guided operations
For en-route operations
For approach operations
For approach and en-route operations
For RNP 0.1 Approaches only
RNP 1 is based on
VOR/DME and does not require on-board performance and monitoring
IRS and is used for oceanic/continental airspace
NDB and requires on-board performance and monitoring
GNSS and requires on-board performance and monitoring
There are two types of Fixed Radius Paths. Namely
Radius to Fix and Fixed Radius Transition
Offset flight path and Fixed Radius Transition
RNAV Offset flight path and RNP Offset flight path
Hold and Path terminators
Data processes applied in PBN are critical to safety because
RNAV and RNP applications use the data to define procedures to be flown
They determine the ILS decision height
he accuracy needs to be checked against the VOR/NDB
The processes used to define RNP routes can be used without an up-to-date Navigation Database
PBN navigational functional requirements include
Aircraft position relative to track and distance and bearing to the active waypoint
On-board performance monitoring and alerting function
A requirement that TSE is bounded at zero
At least two LRNS, one of which must be GNSS
What is meant by the term FAS DB?
Final Approach Segment Database
ull Auto System Data Block
Final Approach Segment Data Block
Flight Approach System Database
The PBN airspace concept consists of
COM, NAV, SUR and ATM
En-route, Oceanic and Terminal
LNAV, VNAV and LPV
VOR, DME and GNSS
