The ovary is supported and attached by the portion of the broad ligament- Mesovarium.

Physiologically more active ovary in bovines- Right ovary. (But in mare- Lt.ovary more active)

Rt.ovary slightly larger than- Left ovary in bovine.

The pocket formed by the Utero-ovarian ligament and Mesovarium- Ovarian bursa/ Ventricle.

The consistency of Corpus luteum is- Liver like consistency.

Corpus luteum regress in size, gradually atrophies and replaced by the connective tissue named as- Corpus albicans.

Shape of Ovary: 1. Cow- Oval shape 2. Mare- Bean shape 3. Ewe & Doe- Almond shape 4. Sow- Oval/ Mulberry shape 5. Bitch- Oval/ Mulberry shape.

The shape of the CL of mare is- Cauliflower shape.

CL of the mare not able to palpate except several days after ovulation due to presence of- Thick Albuginea covering.

The concave area present in free border of the ovary in mare spoken as- Ovulation fossa.

Ovulation occur in which portion of the ovary in mare- Ovulation fossa.

The ovaries are concealed in the bursa ovarii in which animal- Bitch and Sow.

The ovaries present near (1-4 cm) caudal to the kidney in which animal- Bitch.

CL yellow colour (Pigmented) in - cow, sheep and goat, sow, mare.

CL is not pigmented in- Dog and Cat.

The structure which is torturous, wiry, and hard on feeling while rolling b/w the fingers- Oviduct.

The oviduct is supported and attached by the portion of the broad ligament- Mesosalpinx.

The Funnel like structure of Oviduct- Infundibulum.

The major portion of the oviduct- Ampulla.

The uterine end of the oviduct in Dog and Mare open into the uterine lumen thorough- papilla/ small slit.

Shape of uterus: 1. Cow, sheep and goat- Cornuate 2. Mare- Cruciform/ T-shaped. 3. Bitch- V or U shaped.

Attachments: Ovary- Mesovarium Oviduct- Mesosalpinx Uterus- Mesometrium

The horns are joined by- Dorsal and ventral intercornual ligaments.

Broad ligament dorso-laterally attached to uterus in which animal-cow.

Broad ligament dorsally attached to uterus in which animal-Mare.

Long/ coiled uterine horn is feature of - Sow.

Largest uterine body is feature of - Mare.

The powerful tubular sphincter muscle between the vagina and uterus is-Cervix.

The cervix of cow is composed of- 3-5 muscular fibrous transverse annular folds.

The cervix of mare composed of - small low longitudinal folds of mucous membrane.

The cervix is easily dilatable in- Mare.

The external os of the cervix of Ewe covered with- Hood of Mucosa.

Cervix is poorly defined in - Multiparous species (Bitch and Sow).

Copulatory organ of female- Vagina.

In heifers a circular constriction b/w the vagina and vulva- Hymen.

Prominent hymenal fold are present in- Mare.

Hymen lacking (absent) in- Dog and Cat.

Gartner's duct is - Remnant of the mesonephric/ wollfian duct.

Structure homologous to the penis-Clitoris.

The structure located in the caudal portion of the ventral commissure of vulva is- Clitoris.

The only reproductive organ of the female highly innervated by the sensory nerve fibres- Vulva and Vestibule.

Vestibular glands are called- Bartholin's gland.

Cervical glands are called- Nabothian gland.

Vaginal glands are called- Garteners gland.

Vestibular glands absent in- Dog and Ewe.

Contraction of the vestibular and vulvar sphincter muscles elevates the clitoris and protrude in b/w the vulvar lips is termed as- Winking of clitoris in Mare. (Noticed in estrus mare)

Caudal termination of the genital tract is- Vestibule.

Posterior part of vagina forms the pocket like structure in front of the cervix known as- Fornix vagina.

Blood supply- 1. Ovary- Ovarian artery, utero-ovarian artery. 2. Oviduct- Utero-ovarian artery 3. Uterus- Middle uterine artery, utero-ovarian artery, internal pudental 4. Vagina- Internal pudental artery.

Land mark for identification of reproductive tract in bovines through per rectal palpation is- Cervix. (But in Mare- Ovary is land mark for identification).

Metabolic cues that affect the onset of puberty- Leptin, Blood glucose, free fatty acid.

First estrus at onset of puberty may be- sub estrus/silent/ Anovulatory estrus.

Gonadostat theory related to- Ovulation.

Ferguson reflex related to- Parturition.

Flehmens reflex related to- Sexual behaviour of male.

Most reliable signs of estrus in cow and buffaloes- Stand to be mounted.

Homosexual behaviour is a common estrus signs observed in- Cow.

Prominent signs of estrus in mare- Winking of clitoris, frequent urination.

The reliable signs of estrus in Doe is- Wagging of tail.

The reliable signs of estrus in Sow is- Lordosis and Cocking of ears.

Exposure of clitoris by estrual mare is also called as- Clitoral flash/vulvar flash/winking of clitoris.

The species which do not exhibit estrus signs in the absence of male animal- Sheep.

Lordosis signs observed in- Sow and Cat.

Hormone which is responsible for cervical mucus secretion and characteristic fern pattern of cervical mucus- Estrogen.

During estrus mucus come from- Cervix.

Animal in which pheromones are secreted in saliva- Pig (5 alpha androstenodione).

Electrical resistance of vulva during estrus- Reduced.

Regarding to estrus behaviour Buffalo also known as- Shy breeder.

Regarding to estrus behaviour Mare also known as- Split heater.

Mid cycle heat occurs in cow and buffaloes might be due to- Presence weak CL.

Mare shows immediate estrus sign after 9 to 10 days of foaling is known as- Foal heat.

Proestrual bleeding observed in- Bitch.

Metestrus bleeding observed in- Cow.

Presence of blood over the tail or perineal region after estrus indicative of- Metestrual bleeding (Metestrus).

Metestrus bleeding also known as- Post estrual bleeding (PEB).

Animal phenotypically resembles female but having testicles often called as- Male Pseudohermaphoridism.

Animal phenotypically resembles male but having ovaries often called as- female Pseudohermaphoridism.

Segmental aplasia of Mullerian duct where the reason for which condition- White heifers disease.

Heifer test; Fincher test and Tube test used to identify the- Freemartins.

Pseudohermaphoridism commonly recorded in- Caprine & Swine.

In sheep male Pseudohermaphoridism also known as- Wilgil.

Persistent CL observed in which condition- Mummification; pyometra; chronic endometritis.

Most common ovarian tumour of bovine and equine is- Granulosa cell tumour (GCT).

Treatment for ovarian tumour- Ovariectomy.

Tests are used to diagnosis the Patency of oviduct (Ovario-bursal adhesion)- PSP dye test; Starch test; Rubbin insufflation method (Human).

PSP dye test perform during which phase of the estrous cycle- Luteal phase.

Inflammation of endometrium extending not deeper than stratum Spongiosum is called as- Endometritis.

Inflammation of all layer of the uterus known as- Metritis.

Inflammation of outer layer of uterus (serosal layer) known as- Perimetritis.

Inflammation of uterine ligament is known as- Parametritis.

Complete destruction of endometritis and fibrotic changes in the uterine wall known as- Sclerotic metritis.

Test which is used to diagnose the sub clinical endometritis- White side test.

The solution used in white side test- Sodium hydroxide (5 % NaOH or 5 % KOH).

Prominent organism found in canine pyometra is- E.coli.

Prominent organism found in Bovine pyometra is- Arcanobacterium pyogens.

Most common pathological ovarian cyst in cow- Follicular cyst.

Most common non-pathological ovarian cyst in cow- Cystic corpora lutea.

Different bodies regarding CL: a. Mature CL- Yellow body b. Corpus albicans- White body c. Corpus haemorrhagicum- Bloody body d. Corpus nigricans- Black body.

High protein diet and High milk yield animal predisposed for- Cystic ovarian degeneration (COD).

More common cause for COD is- Hormonal cause.

Hormone which is cause for cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex in canine- Progesterone.

Cattle Breed predisposed for COD condition is- HF.

Buller cow; Nymphomania and Adrenal virilism represents- Follicular cyst.

Sterility hump is characteristics feature of- Follicular cyst.

Treatment for Follicular cyst- GnRH or LH (hCG).

Treatment for luteal cyst- PGF2 alpha.

A frequent prolonged sign of estrus and short interval between successive estrus is observed in follicular cyst condition this often called as- Nymphomania.

In adrenal virilism increased level adrenal production of- 17-ketosteroid.

Prolongation of estrus by 2 to 3 days indicative of- Delayed ovulation.

Abortion storm recorded in- Brucellosis abortion.

Non-venereal infection with abortion occurs in last trimester of pregnancy- Brucellosis.

Organism which love Erythritol of placenta and male reproductive organ like epididymis- Brucella sp.

Diagnostic test for Brucella: a) ABRT (Abortus Bang Ring Test) b) MRT (Milk Ring Test) c) Card test d) Isolation method e) Staining method (Modified Koster and Ziehl Nelson method) f) STAT (Standard Tube Agglutination Test) - Gold standard test for brucellosis. g) Rivanol test.

Calfhood vaccination done on- 4-6 month age female calf.

Name the strain used in Calfhood vaccination- Brucella abortus starin-19.

Inter Cotyledonary placenta have Moroccan leather appearance and leathery plaques on placenta seen in- Brucellosis.

Vaginal mucus agglutination test performed for diagnosis of- Campylobacteriosis.

Virgin heifer test for diagnosis of- Campylobacteriosis.

Venereal diseases- Campylobacteriosis and Trichomoniasis.

Post coital pyometra observed in- Trichomoniasis.

Potato soup colour of vaginal discharge observed in- Trichomoniasis.

Disease in which abortion followed by jaundice and haemoglobinuria- Leptospirosis.

Clinical form of listeriosis- Septic form; Encephalitic form; Reproductive form.

Disease which cause late abortion- Listeriosis; Brucellosis; Leptospirosis.

Frosted strawberry appearance of cotyledon observed in- Toxoplasmosis.

Each uterine horn opens in separate cervical canal in- Uterine didelphys.

Dourine caused by- Trypanosoma equiperdum.

Contagious equine metritis in mare caused by- Taylorella equigenitalis.

Strain which used for Vaccination (brucellosis) in pregnant cow- S45/20 vaccine.

The predominant immunoglobulin present in the follicular fluid is- IgG.

The predominant immunoglobulin present in the vagina is- IgA.

The follicle said to be dominant follicle when it reaches diameter of- 9mm.

Growth of follicle up to the stage of antrum formation is- Gonadotrophin dependent.

Hormone which controls the Oocyte mitosis and antrum formation in graafian follicle is- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).

The maximum duration of completion of each follicular wave in domestic cow is about- 8-10 days.

Post pubertal cow and buffaloes have primordial follicle in ovarian reserve is about- 50,000 to 1 lakhs.

Following up the same follicle at different interval is often known as- Follicular dynamics.

The innermost layer of follicle contains cells they often known as- Granulosa cells.

The circulating hormone which required to initiation of next follicular wave is- FSH.

On Ultrasonographic examination, follicle appear as- Anechoic structure/black circular structure.

On Ultrasonographic examination, CL appear as- Echoic structure/gray image.

Hormone which is have negative feedback effect on FSH hormone- Inhibin.

Follicular dynamics process includes- Recruitment, Selection, Dominance and Atresia.

Hormonal profiles during Follicular dynamics: Recruitment: High FSH, Low LH, No inhibin Selection: Low FSH, Moderate LH, Low inhibin Dominance: Low FSH, High LH, High inhibin.

Species in which maximum number of follicular wave reported- Caprine.

Cow maximum number of follicular wave- 3 wave.

Maximum fertility observed during ovation from- Third follicular wave.

Buffaloes maximum number of follicular wave- 2 wave.

Species in which most probably ovulation occur in first follicular wave- Mare.

Number follicle selected during estrus- 10-25 follicle.

In all species Oogenesis completed before birth itself, except- Canine (extend up to 2 months after birth).

Action of estrogen compound used in termination of pregnancy in canine.

Dose rate of different drug used in MTP: a. Cabergoline- 5 mcg/kg b. Bromocriptine- 10-100 mcg/kg c. Cloprostenol sodium- 1 mcg/kg d. Dinoprost tromethamine- 0.1-0.25 mg/kg e. Mifepristone- 2.5 mg/kg f. Epostane- 2.5-5 mg/kg.

Prostaglandin E analogues used for termination of pregnancy in bitches.

Side effect of PGF2 alpha can be reduced by concurrent administration of anticholinergic drug like- Atropine sulphate (0.04 mg/kg).

Prolactin is an absolute requirement for progesterone secretion from CL by- day 30 after ovulation.

Serum progesterone hormone and its events: Serum progesterone (ng/ml) Event Less than 1.0 Anestrus or pro estrus 1.0-1.9 3 days before ovulation 2.0-2.9 2 days before ovulation 3.0-3.9 1 days before ovulation 4.0-10.0 Ovulation begins and occurs over a period of 4 days More than 10.0 Fertile period.

Drop in progesterone level less than 2 ng/ml (<2 ng/ml) indicative of parturition will occur 12-24 hours.

Time duration for small follicle to reach the preovulatory size.

Induced ovulator- Cat, Rabbit, Camel.

Immature Oocytes are released at the time of ovulation in- Mare and bitch.

When Ovulation occur in bovine- Metestrus (12-14 hrs after the end of estrus).

When Ovulation occur in bovine- 10-14 hours after LH peak.

Hormone which converted the Pre collagenase into collagenase during ovulation.

First polar body released at the time of- Ovulation.

Second polar body released at the time of- Fertilization.

Site where responsible for future ovulation of an ovulatory follicle is often called as- Stigma.

Egg plug found near the fimbriae of the oviduct in which species- Swine.

Cumulus cells surrounding several ova join together in fimbriae of oviduct to form a single cluster called- Egg plug.

LH surge occur when elevated level of which hormone- Estrogen.

Preovulatory luteinisation of follicle observed in- Bitch (Preovulatory luteinisation of follicle that is responsible for P4 hormone production during follicular phase).

Which hormone responsible/trigger for synthesis enzyme collagenase during ovulation- Progesterone.

Species in which LH surge persist after ovulation- Mare.

The time duration between first ovulation and last ovulation in swine is- 3 hours.

Ovulation occurs during, Metestrus- cow and buffaloes During estrus- Goat Onset of estrus- Bitch End of estrus- Mare After onset of estrus- Sow.

2 days after LH surge ovulation occur in which species- Bitch.

Ovulation brought about by- Ovarian contraction, Elevated blood flow, Breakdown of connective tissue.

Ovulation rate/fecundity can be increased by vaccinating the ewe against- Inhibin and Androstenodione.

The practice of increasing nutrient intake and body condition prior to and during breeding especially in sheep in order to increase ovulation rate is called as- Flushing.

The practice of increasing nutrient intake and body condition prior to calving especially in cow in order to prevent the post-partum negative energy balance is called as- Steaming Up.

Reproduction in mammals is largely controlled by- Endocrine gland and Hormones.

Temporary reproductive structure or organ in female animal is- CL, Placenta, Follicle, Endometrial cups.

The principal endocrine gland controlling the reproductive function- Adenohypophsis.

Luteotrophic hormone in domestic animal is- LH.

Luteotrophic hormone in sheep, rat and dog- Prolactin.

FSH, LH produced by which cells of Adenohypophsis- Basophilic cells.

Prolactin produced by which cells of Adenohypophsis- Acidophilic cells.

Master gland of maintaining reproductive function- Anterior pituitary gland (Adenohypophsis).

Chorion of the placenta produces which hormone- hCG.

Endometrial cups produce which hormone- eCG.

Obstetrical Pituitrin hormone- Oxytocin.

Surgical Pituitrin hormone- Vasopressin/ ADH.

Predominant ovarian hormones are- Estrogen & Progesterone.

Natural biological estrogens are- Estradiol & Estrone.

Theca interna of the Graffian follicle secrete- Estrogen.

The major urinary estrogen excreted in the cow is - Estradiol.

Under the stimulation of luteal hormone Luteal cells of the CL produce- Progesterone.

Half life of Progesterone- 20-35 min.

Which hormone used to prevent habitual or threatened abortion in cattle- Progesterone.

Alveolar system of the udder developed by under the influence of which hormone- Progesterone.

Ductular system of the udder developed by under the influence of which hormone- Estrogen.

CL is essential throughout the pregnancy in which animal (CL dependent species)- Cow, goat, sow, bitch.

CL is not essential throughout the pregnancy in which animal (CL Independent species)- Mare and sheep.

Which hormone necessary for relaxation of pelvic ligaments and cervix at parturition- Relaxin.

Age or time at which the generative organs become functional and reproduction may occur- Puberty.

The female animal puberty is characterised by- Estrum & Ovulation.

Ability to produce young ones is called- Fertility.

Ability to produce Number of young ones is called- Fecundity.

Zebu cattle attains puberty 6-12 month later than- European cattle.

Age of puberty: 1. Horse- 10-24 months (18 months) 2. Cattle- 6-18 months. 3. Sheep- 6-12 months. 4. Swine- 5-8 months. 5. Dogs- 6-12 months.

Physiological functional rhythm of the reproductive system called- Estrous cycle.

Estrogenic or follicular phase comprises of- Proestrum and Estrum.

Progestational or Luteal phase comprises of- Metestrum and Diestrum.

Mucus secretion from which cells of cervix- Goblet cells.

Proestrual bleeding observed in which animal- Bitch.

Metestrual bleeding observed in which animal- Cow.

Metestrual bleeding otherwise known as- Post Estrual Bleeding (PEB).

Metestrual bleeding in cattle is due to withdrawal of which hormone- Estrogen.

Menstrual bleeding in women is due to withdrawal of which hormone- Progesterone.

Metestrum stage absent in which animal- Bitch.

Winter anestrous observed in which animal- Mare.

Summer anestrous observed in which animal- Ewe.

Lactational anestrous observed in which animal- Bitch, sow, cat.

Animal may be classified according to the estrous cycle (3 classes)- Monoestrous (wild animal, dog, cat); Polyestrous (cow, sow); Seasonal (Seasonally Monoestrous-mare, Seasonally Polyestrous- sheep and goat).