With which type of swallowing impairment does a person have difficulty passing materials through the esophageal lumen into the stomach due to an obstruction in the esophagus or a motility disorder?

Caused by a degenerative nerve condition that weakens peristalsis and impairs relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, the most common motility disorder that hinders the passage of both solids and liquids through the esophagus is ____.

Which condition is characterized by the frequent backward flow of the stomach's acidic contents into the esophagus?

Which condition associated with GERD involves damaged esophageal cells being gradually replaced by cells that resemble those in gastric or intestinal tissues, sometimes leading to esophageal cancer?

General symptoms of pain or discomfort in the upper abdominal region, such as stomach pain, nausea, or bloating, are referred to as ____.

A general term that refers to inflammation of stomach tissue is ____.

Which condition is characterized by abnormally low gastric secretions that impair absorption of nonheme iron and vitamin B12?

What type of infection is a primary factor in peptic ulcer development?

Bleeding caused by peptic ulcers, which in severe cases can cause death, occurs in up to ____ percent of ulcer cases.

A total gastrectomy involves the surgical removal of ____.

Which group of symptoms, which results from a large amount of food passing rapidly into the small intestine, is a risk of some gastric surgeries?

Following a gastrectomy, supplementation of both calcium and vitamin D is often recommended to prevent ____.

With which bariatric surgical procedure does a surgeon remove 70 to 85 percent of the stomach tissue and then staple the remaining portions together to create a vertical, tube-shaped stomach with limited capacity?

The bariatric surgical procedure involving the construction of a small gastric pouch that reduces stomach capacity and thereby restricts meal size is referred to as the ____ procedure.

Dental caries are caused by ____.

Most cariogenic foods, those that are conducive to the development of dental caries, are those that contain ____.

A dental calculus is a thickened plaque deposit on the tooth surface that has become filled with ____.

Chronic inflammation caused by periodontal disease can exacerbate insulin resistance, which can ultimately lead to ____.

A deficiency in this nutrient is associated with increased susceptibility to enamel demineralization and reduced protection against decay-causing bacteria.

A patient who suffers from xerostomia should be given which suggestion to help manage dry mouth?

Which food would most likely be included in Level 1 of the National Dysphagia Diet?

Which condition is most closely associated with a high rate of gastroesophageal reflux disease?

A patient suffering from nausea and vomiting should be counseled to do which activity to help alleviate his symptoms?

What condition is an example of a potential cause of gastritis?

Which food would most likely be included as part of a post-gastrectomy diet?

Following bariatric surgery, a patient would initially be given which type of diet?

To best prevent gastric outlet syndrome following bariatric surgery, the patient would avoid which food?

Protein deficiency would most likely have which effect on dental tissues?

Which chronic disease has been associated with increased risks of dental problems?

If a patient with dysphagia has difficulty swallowing solids but can easily swallow liquids:

The clinician working with a patient with dysphagia should recognize that:

Possible consequences of GERD include all of the following except:

Treating GERD with proton-pump inhibitors is effective because they:

For the patient with persistent vomiting, the major nutritionrelated concern(s) is/are:

Chronic gastritis may increase risk of:

The primary cause of most peptic ulcers is:

The main dietary recommendation for patients with gastritis or peptic ulcers is to consume foods that:

Following a gastrectomy, patients can greatly minimize the risk of dumping syndrome by:

After a gastric bypass operation, the patient should be monitored for all of the following conditions except:

A diagnosis of constipation is based, in part, on a defecation frequency of fewer than ____ bowel movements per week.

Which foods are particularly helpful for promoting regular bowel movements?

Unlike many other fiber supplements, Citrucel and Fiber-Lax do not increase intestinal gas because they contain which active ingredients?

To avoid or relieve constipation, people are discouraged from skipping ____, because colonic motility is highest after eating this.

The sensation of swelling in the abdominal area is referred to as ____.

Which nutrient is most frequently malabsorbed since both digestive enzymes and bile must be present for its digestion?

Excessive fat in the stool due to fat malabsorption is known as ____.

If fat malabsorption causes calcium in the small intestine to bind to fatty acids or bile acids instead of oxalates, plant compounds found in certain vegetables and other foods, the oxalates can be absorbed into the blood and increase the risk of developing ____.

At least half of chronic pancreatitis cases are caused by _____.

Pancreatic enzyme replacement drugs that treat chronic pancreatitis can sometimes decrease the absorption of which dietary nutrients?

Which immune disorder is characterized by an abnormal immune response to wheat protein and related proteins?

Which substance is the water-soluble component of wheat gluten that is toxic to individuals who are sensitive to gluten?

Which foods does a gluten-free diet eliminate?

Which condition is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by abnormal immune responses to microbes that inhabit the GI tract and usually occurs in the lower portion of the small intestine and the colon?

Abnormal passages between organs or tissues that allow the passage of fluids or secretions are referred to as ____.

What condition would most likely be diagnosed in a person experiencing chronic and recurring intestinal symptoms that cannot be explained by specific physical abnormalities?

Which intestinal condition is characterized by the presence of small herniations in the intestinal wall and occurs in over half of people who are 80 years old and older?

What is the name of the surgical procedure that creates a passage through the abdominal wall into the large intestine so dietary wastes can be eliminated?

The medications often prescribed for irritable bowel syndrome that specifically reduce pain by relaxing GI muscles are called ____.

If a person with an ileostomy wishes to eat a food that may help reduce odors, which of the following foods may be suggested for them to try?

Most bacterial cells of the gastrointestinal tract reside in a person's ____.

Live, nonpathogenic microorganisms that may be useful for preventing or treating various medical conditions are called ____.

Certain nondigestible substances in food that can stimulate the growth or activity of the resident bacteria within the large intestine are referred to as ____.

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of probiotics?

Which is a main dietary source of probiotics?

The action of osmotic laxatives can best be described as that of _____.

Which type of bread, cereal, or pasta would most likely be recommended for a patient on a fat-restricted diet?

A patient with fat malabsorption wants to use MCT oil with food preparation. Which suggestion is most appropriate when using MCT oil?

A patient with cystic fibrosis would most likely benefit from which type of diet?

A gluten-free food choice that would be most appropriate for a patient with celiac disease would be _____.

A patient with Crohn's disease who is suffering from malabsorption would most likely benefit from which nutrition intervention?

Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome are most likely associated with disturbed defecation, bloating, and _____.

Prebiotics include some of the carbohydrates found in which foods?

Much of the research investigating probiotics and intestinal illness has focused on the prevention and treatment of _____.

The health practitioner advising an elderly patient with constipation encourages the patient to:

Osmotic diarrhea often results from:

Nutrition problems that may result from fat malabsorption include all of the following except:

Common nutrition problems associated with bacterial overgrowth in the stomach and small intestine include:

Chronic pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis are both treated with:

Despite the intestine’s capacity for adaptation, removal of which section of the intestine will likely result in fat malabsorption and multiple nutrient deficiencies?

Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome most often include:

Diverticulosis is most often associated with:

After an ileostomy, the most serious concern is that:

Liver inflammation associated with fatty liver is referred to as ____.

Which type of hepatitis has infected one-third of the world population and is caused by a viral infection transmitted by infected blood or needles, by sexual contact with an infected person, or from mother to infant during childbirth?

The hepatitis A virus is primarily spread through ____.

Hepatitis can sometimes cause a yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes due to an accumulation of bilirubin, a condition called ____.

Consequences of fatty liver disease include all of the following except:

Which condition is defined as an advanced stage of liver disease in which extensive scarring replaces healthy liver tissue, causing impaired liver function and liver failure?

The blood vessel that conducts nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver is called the ____.

Advanced liver disease often leads to hepatic encephalopathy, a disorder that primarily affects the functions of which organ(s)?

Advanced liver disease often leads to an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, the condition known as ____.

Accounting for about 50 percent of liver transplant cases, the most common illnesses that precede liver transplantation are ____.

Where in the body does most alcohol metabolism take place?

An average adult can metabolize the amount of alcohol contained in one drink in approximately ____.

The main product of alcohol metabolism, which can be used as a source of energy by most tissues, is ____.

Persons who abuse alcohol are often deficient in numerous nutrients, including ____, which plays a central role in cell division and influences the absorption of other nutrients.

Light to moderate alcohol intake may reduce the risk of developing which chronic disease?

In cases unrelated to alcohol, the primary risk factor for fatty liver disease is _____.

Which individuals would most likely benefit from hepatitis A vaccination?

Ninety percent of _____ with hepatitis B infection in the United States will develop chronic disease.

Most individuals with hepatitis infection require what form of nutrition therapy?

The chief causes of cirrhosis in the United States are alcoholic liver disease and _____.

The most common illnesses that precede liver transplantation are chronic hepatitis C infection and _____.

Which metabolic effect is most closely associated with immunosuppressant drugs administered following liver transplantation?

One of the more common causes of death following liver transplant is which condition?

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, women should limit their intake of alcohol to how many drinks per day?

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, women should limit their intake of alcohol to how many drinks per day?

Which of the following statements about hepatitis is true?

Which blood test values often indicate the presence of liver disease?

Esophageal varices are a dangerous complication of liver disease primarily because they:

A complication of cirrhosis that contributes to the development of ascites is:

Lactulose, a nonabsorbable disaccharide, is generally prescribed to patients who develop which complication of cirrhosis?

With respect to protein intake, patients with hepatic encephalopathy should:

People with ascites must often restrict dietary intake of:

Dietary concerns after a liver transplant include all of the following except:

nsulin regulates glucose metabolism and is produced in which glandular organ?

The actions of insulin are countered mainly by which hormone?

If blood glucose exceeds the renal threshold, the kidneys begin to pass glucose into the urine, resulting in ____.

Which symptom of diabetes is defined as excessive thirst?

Type 1 diabetes is defined as ____.

Individuals with which type of diabetes always require insulin therapy for survival?

Conventional therapy for type 1 diabetes involves blood glucose monitoring ____, as well as ____ insulin injection(s).

What is one advantage of using intensive therapy as compared to conventional therapy for type 1 diabetes?

Diabetes treatment is predominantly evaluated by monitoring ____.

Health care providers periodically evaluate long-term glycemic control by specifically measuring ____ levels.

When maternal hyperglycemia induces excessive insulin production in the fetus, which stimulates growth and fat deposition in the fetus and results in an abnormally high birth weight, the condition is referred to as ____.

To ensure that appropriate treatment is offered, physicians routinely test pregnant women for gestational diabetes between ____ weeks of gestation.

Which disorder is present in a patient if a laboratory test reveals the value of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) in their blood is greater than 150 mg/dL?

Obesity is associated with the reduced secretion of which hormone that is produced by fat cells and improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance?

The enlarged adipose cells of obese individuals activate local immune cells that secrete signaling proteins, called ____, inducing inflammation and leading to multiple metabolic changes that reduce insulin responsiveness.

A lowering of blood pH that results from the excessive production of ketone bodies is known as _____.

Which criterion would be used to diagnose diabetes?

Which feature is more likely associated with type 1 diabetes than with type 2 diabetes?

Which of the following best describes prevention measures for type 2 diabetes?

Which before-meal glucose level is an example of appropriate glycemic control for an adult with diabetes?

Which best describes an appropriate recommendation for sugar consumption for adults with diabetes?

Which of the following is an example of a 15 g serving of carbohydrate?

Which outcome is most commonly associated with uncontrolled diabetes during pregnancy?

Which risk factor is most closely associated with development of gestational diabetes?

Which value is most likely associated with metabolic syndrome?

Which of the following is true about type 2 diabetes?

Most chronic complications associated with diabetes result from:

Regarding dietary carbohydrate, a patient with diabetes should be most concerned about:

Which of the following is true regarding the general use of alcohol in diabetes?

The most effective meal-planning strategy for managing diabetes is:

A patient using intensive insulin therapy is likely to follow a regimen that involves:

In a person who has previously maintained good glycemic control, hyperglycemia can be precipitated by:

Which dietary adjustment may be helpful for women with gestational diabetes?

Atherosclerosis is a disease characterized by the ____.

A heart attack is defined as death of the heart muscle caused by a sudden obstruction in blood flow to heart and is technically referred to as ____.

Of the blood lipids listed below, which one helps remove cholesterol from the bloodstream by transporting it to the liver for reuse or disposal?

Which condition is defined as the obstruction of a blood vessel by an abnormal particle, such as a blood clot or air bubble, that travels in the blood and causes sudden tissue death?

Which of the following accounts for most deaths from cardiovascular disease?

Which condition, caused by inadequate blood supply in the heart muscle, results in discomfort or dull pain in the chest region that often radiates to the left shoulder, arms, neck, back, or jaw?

Which risk factor for coronary heart disease is a major nonmodifiable variable?

What is the desirable level of total blood cholesterol (mg/dL) for an adult?

An adult woman may be classified as having borderline risk for coronary heart disease if a blood lipid profile indicates that her LDL cholesterol is ____mg/dL and her HDL cholesterol is ____mg/dL.

Once a person's level of risk has been identified, most of the treatment focuses on ____ because these levels are directly related to the development of atherosclerosis.

The large majority of strokes are caused by the obstruction of blood flow to the brain, referred to as ____.

Short-lived strokes that occur suddenly and are usually indicative that a more severe stroke may follow are called ____.

Peripheral resistance, the resistance the blood encounters in the arterioles, increases mostly due to ____.

Severe malnutrition that develops in heart failure patients, characterized by weight loss and tissue wasting, is known as ____.

The left side of the heart normally receives blood from the lungs, so a weakened left heart may allow fluid to build up in the lungs, a condition called ____.

In what way would a speech pathologist most likely provide help in determining a treatment plan for an individual who has a feeding disability?

Providing utensils that have modified handles, such as flatware with built-up handles, is one measure used to assist people with which type of feeding disability?

Which feeding measure is most useful for assisting a person with impaired vision?

Which factor has been shown to increase the risk of development of atherosclerosis?

What laboratory value would be considered a high-risk measure for coronary heart disease assessment?

What food is most likely a source of trans fats in the diet?

What type of drug would most likely be given to a patient following a myocardial infarction?

Which symptoms would most likely be associated with a transient ischemic attack?

What systolic blood pressure measurement would be classified as prehypertension?

Mrs. Harris suffers from hypertension and routinely has blood pressure levels greater than 150/90 mmHg. What lifestyle recommendation would be most appropriate to give to Mrs. Harris?

Which nursing diagnosis would be most appropriate for a patient with heart failure?

Ischemia in the coronary arteries is a frequent cause of:

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include all of the following except:

Dietary lipids with the strongest LDL cholesterol-raising effects are:

Moderate alcohol consumption can improve heart disease risk, in part, because it:

Patients with mild hypertriglyceridemia may improve their triglyceride levels by:

Which medications reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver?

Hemorrhagic Stroke:

Hypertensive patients can benefit from all of the following dietary and lifestyle modifications except:

Nutrition therapy for a patient with heart failure often includes:

Nephrotic syndrome is a syndrome caused by significant loss of ____.

When acute kidney injury causes an abnormally low amount of urine production, often less than 400 mL/day, the condition is called ____.

Factors that cause a severe reduction in blood flow to the kidneys, such as heart failure, shock, or substantial blood loss, are classified as ____ factors.

Reduced urine production resulting from acute kidney injury can elevate ____ levels in the blood, the condition referred to as hyperkalemia, which can alter heart rhythm and result in heart failure.

What are the most common causes of chronic kidney disease?

Which laboratory measure is considered the best index of overall kidney function?

In chronic kidney disease, the increased secretion of parathyroid hormone helps to prevent elevations in serum phosphate, but contributes to ____, a bone disorder common in renal patients.

Which treatment measure for chronic kidney disease replaces the functions of the kidney by removing excess fluid and wastes from the blood?

Most kidney stones are made up primarily of ____.

Which abnormality is characterized by elevated urinary oxalate levels?

Which type of kidney stones is composed primarily of magnesium ammonium phosphate and form in alkaline urine?

In peritoneal dialysis, the dialysate is infused into a catheter that empties into the peritoneal space, which is the space within the ____.

A condition caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 3½ grams daily) as a result of severe glomerular damage is called _____.

Which food is appropriate for a person on a low-sodium diet?

Which condition is an example of an intrarenal cause of acute kidney injury?

Elevated _____ levels are of particular concern with acute kidney injury because imbalances can alter heart rhythm and lead to heart failure.q

Which food is an example of a source of high potassium per serving?

Prednisone, a corticosteroid used following a kidney transplant, works to _____.

Foods high in purines, such as _____, should be avoided by patients with gout.

Which nutrition recommendation should be given to a patient suffering from calcium oxalate kidney stones?

Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?

The nephrotic syndrome frequently results in:

What is a common treatment for hyperkalemia?

If a patient with acute kidney injury should require a high protein intake, which additional treatment may be necessary?

A person with chronic kidney disease who has been following a renal diet for several years begins hemodialysis treatment. An appropriate dietary adjustment would be to:

Treatment for all kidney stones includes:

Cancers are diseases characterized by ____.

Which type of cancers arises from epithelial tissue?

Which type of cancers arises from plasma cells in the bone marrow?

When a tumor is cancerous, it is referred to as being ____.

Asbestos is an environmental factor that increases the risk of developing which type of cancer?

Lymphocytes that have a specific protein called CD4 on their surfaces and are the cells most affected in HIV infection are referred to as ____.

Without treatment, AIDS develops in most HIV-infected persons within ____ years, although it can progress more quickly in some individuals.

Which oral infection, commonly associated with HIV infection, is caused by a fungal infection on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and often contributes to poor food intake?

The agreement of a mentally competent patient to undergo a treatment that has been adequately disclosed is considered ____.

Low levels of physical activity are most commonly associated with which type of cancer?

A patient with stomach cancer has been encouraged to increase his kcalorie intake to avoid weight loss and wasting. Which suggestion is most appropriate to increase kcalorie intake?

AIDS enteropathy is most commonly manifested as _____.

Which of these dietary substances may help to protect against cancer?

The metabolic changes that often accompany cancer include all of the following except:

Although many cancer patients lose weight, which type of cancer is often associated with weight gain?