Discuss the key ethical considerations that pharmacists should take into account when providing pharmaceutical care.

Explaining the importance of documentation and communication

State 3(three) role of pharmacy assistant in pharmaceutical care

How do we communicate important information to patients regarding their medications and proper usage?

What are the key steps involved in verifying a prescription in the outpatient dispensing process?

Describe the role of a pharmacist in counseling outpatients during the dispensing process.

How can a pharmacy technician contribute to medication safety when dispensing to outpatients?

Describe the general workflow in an inpatient pharmacy, from the time a medication order is received to when it is delivered to a patient's bedside.

Explain the quality control measures and protocols in place to ensure medication safety in an inpatient pharmacy. How do these measures help prevent medication errors?

What is the role of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in the final verification and distribution of medications in an inpatient pharmacy, and how does their collaboration contribute to patient safety?

Define the terms compliance, adherence, and concordance in the context of medication usage.

List FIVE (5) possible barriers to patient compliance with medication regimens.

Identify FOUR (4) steps involved in the patient counseling process provided by pharmacists.

State FOUR (4) key elements that should be included in patient education content related to medication.

Mention FOUR (4) types of Medication Therapy Adherence Clinics (MTAC) offered in Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia.

Explain how a patient's cognitive or sensory limitations can affect medication adherence and how a pharmacist can address this.

Discuss the differences between preventive and corrective approaches in patient education, with examples.

Describe the role of pharmacists in promoting medication adherence through education and follow-up services such as MTAC.

Explain how a pharmacist should assess a patient before providing medication counseling.

Illustrate how documentation of a counseling session can contribute to patient safety and professional accountability.

Define the following terms used in pharmacy quality practice: a) Quality Assurance b) Quality Control c) Continuous Quality Improvement

List THREE (3) basic principles of quality measurement in pharmacy services and give ONE example for each.

Identify FIVE (5) examples of structure-related measures in pharmacy quality care.

State FOUR (4) expected positive outcomes when quality is applied in pharmacy services.

Mention FOUR (4) key goals of a Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) plan in a pharmacy setting.

Explain how process and outcome measures differ when evaluating quality in pharmacy practice.

Discuss how pharmacists can use customer feedback and complaints to improve pharmacy service quality.

Describe the three main aspects (economic, clinical, and humanistic) of outcome measurement in pharmacy services.

Explain the role of employee involvement in ensuring successful quality improvement initiatives within the pharmacy department.

Outline the steps involved in developing and implementing a Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) plan in pharmacy services.

Define medication error and differentiate between an actual error and a near miss.

List FIVE (5) common types of medication errors reported in Malaysia, as identified in recent studies.

State FOUR (4) categories of medication errors based on the level of patient harm as classified by standard reporting systems.

Identify FOUR (4) common types of prescribing errors with relevant examples.

List FIVE (5) strategies used to prevent medication errors related to Look-Alike Sound-Alike (LASA) drugs.

Explain how root cause analysis (RCA) helps in identifying and resolving issues related to medication errors, and briefly describe the use of 5 WHYs as a tool.

Describe the roles of pharmacists and pharmacy assistants in preventing and managing medication errors in a hospital setting.

Discuss how high-alert medications (HAMs) contribute to patient harm and describe THREE (3) risk factors related to their use.

Explain the significance of double-checking, and describe how it can be effectively implemented in daily pharmacy practice.

Discuss how automation, technology, and staff education can reduce the occurrence of medication errors. Provide examples for each strategy.

Define the term Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) and explain how it differs from an Adverse Event (AE).

List FOUR (4) classifications of ADR based on onset of action or severity, with a brief example for each.

Identify FIVE (5) patient-related or drug-related factors that predispose individuals to ADRs.

State FOUR (4) main objectives of pharmacovigilance, as defined by WHO.

List FIVE (5) categories of adverse reactions that should be reported to the National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA).

Explain the differences between Type A (Augmented) and Type B (Bizarre) reactions with TWO (2) examples for each type.

Describe how photosensitivity and drug allergy differ in terms of mechanism and clinical presentation. Provide examples.

Discuss the role of pharmacists and pharmacy assistants in detecting, educating, and reporting ADRs in clinical settings.

Explain the process and timeline for reporting serious and non-serious ADRs as outlined by NPRA.

Describe how ADR reporting can lead to regulatory changes such as product withdrawal or labeling updates. Provide an example.

Define cold chain in the context of vaccine storage and explain its purpose in healthcare.

List FOUR (4) components essential for an effective cold chain system.

Identify FIVE (5) cold chain equipment used for vaccine storage and transport.

State FOUR (4) types of thermometric devices used to monitor cold chain temperatures.

Mention THREE (3) types of light-sensitive vaccines and explain how they should be stored.

Explain the importance of temperature monitoring in a cold chain system and describe the steps taken if the temperature is out of range.

Describe the function and interpretation of a Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM) in ensuring vaccine quality.

During a power outage, explain the actions that should be taken to protect vaccines and maintain cold chain integrity.

Discuss how the “First-In, First-Out (FIFO)” system helps in proper vaccine storage and usage.

Explain how to conduct a vaccine shake test and interpret its results to determine vaccine usability.