WorksheetsIB Psychology SAQ Knowledge & Research
Total questions: 81
Worksheet time: 27mins
What is the brain area most associated with memory consolidation?
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Occipital lobe
Medulla oblongata
Name one hormone linked with stress and memory.
Cortisol
Insulin
Thyroxine
Glucagon
Which neurotransmitter is linked with memory and muscle contraction?
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Serotonin
GABA
Name the brain scanning technique that measures blood flow.
fMRI
EEG
CT scan
PET scan
Which gene is associated with depression and serotonin transport?
5HTT
BRCA1
CFTR
APOE
What do we call the process of the brain forming new connections in response to learning?
Neuroplasticity
Homeostasis
Photosynthesis
Osmosis
What is the term for a substance that blocks a neurotransmitter's action?
Antagonist
Agonist
Enzyme
Receptor
Name a pheromone believed to influence mate selection.
AND
Serotonin
Dopamine
Adrenaline
Which part of memory stores information for about 30 seconds?
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
Sensory memory
Procedural memory
What theory explains the unconscious filling in of memory gaps?
Reconstructive memory
Encoding specificity theory
Dual coding theory
Levels of processing theory
What is the name of the model that suggests two types of thinking: intuitive and rational?
Dual process model
Cognitive dissonance model
Heuristic-systematic model
Single process model
Which dimension describes cultures that value group goals over individual goals?
Collectivism
Individualism
Masculinity
Uncertainty Avoidance
What is the term for how we learn the norms of our culture?
Enculturation
Assimilation
Acculturation
Segregation
Which hormone is involved in mother-child bonding and trust?
Oxytocin
Adrenaline
Insulin
Thyroxine
What is the term for when individuals adapt to a new culture?
Acculturation
Assimilation
Segregation
Enculturation
The ______ model of memory suggests memory consists of sensory memory, ______ memory and long-term memory.
multi-store, short-term
single-store, working
dual-store, episodic
tri-store, procedural
Social Identity Theory was developed by ______ and suggests that we _____, _____ and _____ social groups.
Tajfel, categorise, identify, compare
Bandura, observe, imitate, reinforce
Freud, repress, deny, project
Skinner, reward, punish, shape
An ______ is a chemical messenger released by glands, while a ______ is a chemical messenger released by neurons.
hormone, neurotransmitter
enzyme, hormone
neurotransmitter, hormone
hormone, enzyme
Cultural dimensions are a theory developed by ______ to understand how values in different cultures affect behaviour. One example is ______ and ______.
Hofstede, individualism, collectivism
Maslow, power distance, uncertainty avoidance
Skinner, masculinity, femininity
Freud, indulgence, restraint
The ______ gene influences the reuptake of ______ in the brain, which is linked to the behaviour of ______.
5HTT, serotonin, depression
MAOA, dopamine, anxiety
DRD4, norepinephrine, schizophrenia
COMT, acetylcholine, addiction
Schema theory explains how our ______ frameworks affect encoding, storage and ______.
mental, retrieval
physical, recall
visual, perception
emotional, recognition
The dual process model suggests that system 1 thinking is _____ and _____, while system 2 thinking is
fast and automatic
slow and deliberate
creative and emotional
logical and consistent
_____ and _____
fast, automatic
slow, logical
quick, emotional
delayed, rational
The hormone _____ affects _____ by interfering with retrieval when released in _____ amounts.
cortisol, memory, high
insulin, appetite, low
adrenaline, sleep, moderate
oxytocin, emotion, low
Bandura's study supports social cognitive theory by showing that children learn through _____ of _____.
observation, models
punishment, peers
repetition, instructions
imitation, rewards
Assimilation occurs when individuals adopt the _____ culture while discarding their _____ culture.
dominant, original
original, dominant
minority, dominant
traditional, modern
Which of the following studies support neuroplasticity?
Draganski (2004)
Milner (HM)
Woollett & Maguire (2011)
Antonova (2011)
Which of the following are ethical considerations in psychological research?
Reliability
Right to withdraw
Deception
Validity
Which study best supports the idea that culture influences memory?
Kearins
Sharot
Spencer
Kulkofsky
In Sharot et al. (2007), which technique was used?
MRI
Case study
fMRI
Which of these studies involve twin or kinship research?
Kendler et al.
Caspi et al.
Weissman et al.
Buss
What behaviour is linked to the hormone cortisol?
Aggression
Memory
Mating preference
Deception
Which studies support the Dual Process Model?
Baddeley & Hitch
Tversky & Kahneman
Strack & Mussweiler
Bartlett
Which research methods were used in the study by Zhou et al.?
Case study
Naturalistic observation
Experiment
Interview
Who proposed the theory of reconstructive memory?
Loftus
Bartlett
Glanzer
Bandura
Which is not a cognitive bias?
Anchoring effect
Heuristic
Matching bias
Which of the following studies relate to cultural dimensions?
Berry
Zhou
Kulkofsky
Martin & Halverson
Which research method was used in Bandura's Bobo Doll study?
Naturalistic observation
Case study
Laboratory experiment
Interview
What study supports the theory of illusory correlation in stereotype formation?
Hamilton & Gifford
Abrams
Steele & Aronson
Kearins
Which study involved flashbulb memories linked to 9/11?
Kulkofsky
Sharot
Bartlett
Glanzer & Cunitz
Which study demonstrated stereotype threat in academic performance?
Spencer et al.
Bandura
Baddeley & Hitch
Berry
What is synaptic pruning and when does it occur?
Synaptic pruning is the elimination of weaker synaptic connections, occurring mostly during adolescence to increase brain efficiency.
Synaptic pruning is the formation of new synaptic connections, occurring mostly in old age to decrease brain efficiency.
Synaptic pruning is the strengthening of all synaptic connections, occurring mostly during infancy to increase brain size.
Synaptic pruning is the elimination of all synaptic connections, occurring mostly during adulthood to reduce memory.
Explain how the hippocampus is related to localisation of function.
The hippocampus is localised for memory formation, especially in transferring short-term to long-term memory, as shown in Milner’s study of HM.
The hippocampus is responsible for regulating heart rate and breathing.
The hippocampus controls voluntary muscle movements throughout the body.
The hippocampus is primarily involved in visual processing and interpretation.
What was the aim of Draganski’s 2004 study?
To investigate whether learning a new motor skill (juggling) would affect brain structure.
To examine the effects of sleep deprivation on memory retention.
To determine if meditation increases attention span.
To study the impact of diet on cognitive performance.
What is meant by ‘excitation’ in the context of neurotransmission?
Excitation refers to a neurotransmitter increasing the likelihood of a neuron firing an action potential, e.g. acetylcholine’s role in memory.
Excitation refers to a neurotransmitter decreasing the likelihood of a neuron firing an action potential.
Excitation refers to the process of a neuron becoming less responsive to stimuli over time.
Excitation refers to the removal of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft.
How did Antonova demonstrate the role of antagonists?
Antonova used scopolamine to block acetylcholine and found participants showed reduced activity in the hippocampus, affecting memory encoding.
Antonova used dopamine agonists to enhance memory recall in participants, showing increased activity in the prefrontal cortex.
Antonova administered serotonin inhibitors and observed improved spatial navigation in participants.
Antonova used adrenaline blockers and found participants had faster reaction times in memory tasks.
Describe how the MSM explains memory processes.
The multi-store model suggests memory moves through sensory memory to short-term memory through attention and then to long-term memory through rehearsal.
The multi-store model suggests memory is only stored in the long-term memory and never passes through other stages.
The multi-store model suggests memory is instantly forgotten after sensory memory without any further processing.
The multi-store model suggests memory moves directly from sensory memory to long-term memory without passing through short-term memory.
What is stereotype threat?
Stereotype threat is when awareness of a negative stereotype impacts performance via spotlight anxiety.
Stereotype threat is the tendency to conform to positive stereotypes about one's group.
Stereotype threat is the process of creating new stereotypes based on group behavior.
Stereotype threat is the act of intentionally spreading stereotypes to others.
What are the three stages in Social Identity Theory?
Social categorisation, social identification, and social comparison.
Self-actualization, esteem, and belongingness.
Assimilation, accommodation, and adaptation.
Cognitive dissonance, conformity, and obedience.
How does Joy & Kimball’s study support SCT?
The study showed that children became more aggressive after TV was introduced, supporting the idea of observational learning.
The study found that children’s memory improved after watching TV, supporting cognitive development.
The study demonstrated that children became less social after TV was introduced, supporting social withdrawal theory.
The study showed that children’s academic performance improved after TV was introduced, supporting educational benefits.
What did Kearins find about memory in Aboriginal Australians?
Aboriginal children performed better on spatial memory tasks.
Aboriginal children had lower verbal memory than non-Aboriginal children.
Aboriginal children showed no difference in memory compared to non-Aboriginal children.
Aboriginal children performed worse on spatial memory tasks.
Milner’s research on HM was what type of study?
Case study
Survey study
Experimental study
Longitudinal study
The neurotransmitter blocked by scopolamine is:
Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
GABA
A neurotransmitter is what type of agonist?
Endogenous agonist
Inverse agonist
Partial agonist
Antagonist
The cultural dimension that values independence and autonomy is:
Individualism
Collectivism
Power Distance
Uncertainty Avoidance
The research method commonly used in studies of emotion and cognition, such as Kulkofsky, is:
Case study
Survey
Experiment
Naturalistic observation
In Bandura’s study, children who observed aggressive models were more likely to display ______ behaviour, supporting the concept of ______ learning.
aggressive, observational
passive, classical
cooperative, operant
timid, experiential
Stereotype ______ occurs when individuals fear being judged based on a stereotype, leading to ______ performance.
threat, impaired
boost, enhanced
support, improved
relief, optimal
Berry’s study on conformity showed that individuals from ______ cultures conformed more than those from ______ cultures.
collectivist, individualist
individualist, collectivist
urban, rural
rural, urban
The role of an ______ is to activate a receptor, while an ______ blocks it.
agonist, antagonist
antagonist, agonist
enzyme, substrate
hormone, neurotransmitter
In Kulkofsky’s study, participants from ______ cultures were less likely to form ______ memories for events of personal significance compared to those from ______ cultures.
collectivistic, flashbulb, individualistic
individualistic, flashbulb, collectivistic
collectivistic, semantic, individualistic
individualistic, semantic, collectivistic
Which of the following studies used interviews to collect data?
Kulofsky et al.
Sharot et al.
Lueck & Wilson
Draganski
What was the key finding in Buss’s study on mate preference?
Females preferred younger men
Males valued physical attractiveness more
Culture had no influence on preferences
All participants showed the same preference pattern
What type of research method was used in the study by Hamilton & Gifford?
Interview
Experiment
Observation
Case study
What is the behaviour explored in the study by Wedekind?
Memory
Stereotyping
Mate selection
Aggression
Which study provides evidence for the effect of cortisol on verbal declarative memory?
Newcomer
Antonova
Rogers & Kesner
Meaney
Which study best supports schema theory?
Baddeley & Hitch
Brewer & Treyens
Kearins
Joy & Kimball
How do researchers maintain ethical standards when using deception in research such as Brewer & Treyens, Smith & Lloyd or Strack & Mussweiler?
Right to withdraw
Debriefing
Consent
Anonymity
Which of the following can be used to demonstrate the effect of acetylcholine on memory?
A. Antonova
B. Milner (HM)
C. Rosenzweig, Bennet & Diamond
D. Rogers & Kesner
Which type of memory is most affected by flashbulb memory?
Procedural memory
Sensory memory
Episodic memory
Working memory
Which research type best suits investigating long-term cultural changes across generations?
Cross sectional study
Longitudinal study
Retrospective study
Correlational study
The aim of the study by Lueck & Wilson was:
to investigate the role of cultural factors on conformity
to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on memory
to study the impact of diet on cognitive development
to analyze the relationship between intelligence and creativity
One result from the study by Steele & Aronson is:
African American students performed worse on tests when their race was emphasized.
African American students performed better when their race was emphasized.
There was no difference in performance based on race emphasis.
White students performed worse when their race was emphasized.
Hofstede’s theory helps psychologists understand behaviour by:
providing a framework to compare cultural values and their impact on behaviour
explaining only biological influences on behaviour
focusing solely on individual personality traits
ignoring cultural differences in behaviour
Why is scopolamine considered an antagonist?
Because it blocks acetylcholine receptors, preventing neurotransmission related to memory.
Because it increases the release of dopamine in the brain.
Because it enhances the activity of serotonin receptors.
Because it stimulates the production of acetylcholine.
What conclusion was drawn from the study by Martin & Halverson on gender roles?
Children were more likely to remember gender-consistent behaviour, supporting the idea that gender schemas influence memory.
Children showed no preference in remembering gender-consistent or inconsistent behaviour.
Children were more likely to forget gender-consistent behaviour.
Children's memory was not influenced by gender schemas at all.
How does Berry’s study show the influence of culture on behaviour?
It found that individuals from collectivist cultures conformed more, showing how culture can shape social behaviour.
It found that all cultures have the same level of conformity, suggesting culture has no effect on behaviour.
It showed that individualist cultures conformed more than collectivist cultures, contradicting cultural influence theories.
It demonstrated that conformity is only influenced by genetics, not culture.
What was the main finding of the study by Caspi et al.?
Individuals with the short version of the 5HTT gene were more likely to develop depression after stressful life events.
Individuals with the long version of the 5HTT gene were immune to depression.
The 5HTT gene had no impact on depression risk after stressful life events.
Depression was only linked to environmental factors, not genetics.
How does Rosenzweig, Bennett & Diamond’s study support neuroplasticity?
Rats in enriched environments developed thicker cortexes, suggesting the brain changes in response to stimulation.
Rats in enriched environments showed no difference in brain structure compared to those in impoverished environments.
The study found that genetics alone determined brain structure, regardless of environment.
Rats in impoverished environments developed thicker cortexes than those in enriched environments.
What behaviour was studied in the research by Zhou et al.?
The role of pheromones (AND and EST) in influencing sexual attraction.
The effects of sleep deprivation on memory retention.
The impact of diet on cognitive development.
The influence of social media on group conformity.
What are concordance rates and how are they used in genetics research?
Concordance rates measure the likelihood that two individuals (e.g. twins) share a trait, used to estimate genetic influence on behaviour.
Concordance rates are used to determine the rate of mutation in a population over time.
Concordance rates refer to the frequency of gene expression in different tissues of the body.
Concordance rates are a measure of the number of chromosomes shared between siblings.
