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Worksheets222 ltm
Total questions: 120
Worksheet time: 1hrs 3mins
According to the modal model of memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin), long-term memory is characterized by:
High acoustic similarity
Unlimited duration and capacity
Serial position deficits
Strict reliance on rehearsal
Which of the following provides evidence for distinct STM and LTM systems?
Semantic similarity affecting STM performance
Amnesic patients with poor STM but intact LTM
Better recognition than recall for encoded items
Acoustic similarity affecting LTM recall
A patient shows normal short-term memory but impaired long-term memory after medial temporal lobe damage. This supports the:
Levels-of-processing theory
Unified memory model
Distinction between memory stores
Depth-based memory approach
In Baddeley’s (1966) study, LTM performance was worst for which condition?
Acoustically similar
Acoustically dissimilar
Semantically similar
Semantically dissimilar
What does the term "semantic coding" in LTM refer to?
Relying on phonological cues to retrieve words
Using acoustic similarity for memorization
Storing meaning-based information
Storing location-based visual cues
Which theory is challenged by levels-of-processing findings?
Encoding specificity theory
Modal model
Working memory model
Spreading activation theory
Semantic memory differs from episodic memory because it:
Has no temporal context
Contains vivid visual cues
Requires the hippocampus exclusively
Is always autobiographical
Declarative memory includes all of the following EXCEPT:
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Procedural memory
Knowledge of facts
Which memory task best taps procedural memory?
Recalling words in a list
Naming the capital of France
Reciting childhood experiences
Tracing a star in a mirror
Anterograde amnesia is best described as:
Inability to recall childhood events
Inability to form new long-term memories
Difficulty with motor skills
Short-term memory impairment
Retrograde amnesia is typically worse for:
Remote childhood memories
Recently acquired memories
Implicit memories
Procedural tasks
Which patient showed preserved procedural learning despite severe anterograde amnesia?
H.M.
K.C.
Phineas Gage
Ebbinghaus
The hippocampus is most directly involved in:
Motor learning
Language acquisition
Declarative memory consolidation
Visual short-term memory
Which of the following statements about amnesia is TRUE?
Retrograde amnesia affects procedural memory
Anterograde amnesia impairs STM but not LTM
Retrograde amnesia usually affects older memories more than recent ones
Anterograde amnesia does not affect working memory
Clive Wearing's preserved ability to conduct music suggests:
Autobiographical memory is spared
Declarative memory is intact
Procedural memory can be independent of episodic recall
Working memory is impaired
Which of the following supports the existence of multiple memory systems?
Depth of processing effects
Flashbulb memory accuracy
Dissociation between STM and LTM in brain-damaged patients
Category clustering during free recall
The "serial position curve" demonstrates:
Elaborative rehearsal improves middle items
Poor recall of all items equally
Primacy and recency effects
Reconstructive memory errors
Which of the following best illustrates semantic memory?
The memory of your last birthday
Remembering your best friend's face
Knowing that Paris is the capital of France
Recalling a conversation word-for-word
"Knowing how" to ride a bike refers to which memory system?
Semantic
Procedural
Episodic
Prospective
Working memory is most intact in patients with:
Retrograde amnesia
Procedural deficits
Korsakoff’s syndrome
Anterograde amnesia
According to Ebbinghaus, the forgetting curve shows that:
Forgetting happens gradually and steadily over time
Memory decays only after consolidation
Most forgetting occurs shortly after learning
Forgetting is unaffected by time
What did Ebbinghaus use as stimuli to control for prior knowledge?
Real words
Numbers
Pseudowords
Nonsense syllables
In Ebbinghaus' experiment, a “savings score” of 60% implies:
60% of the original list was remembered
Relearning required 60% fewer trials than the original learning
Memory was consolidated after 60 minutes
60% of the items were recalled immediately
Which phenomenon is best illustrated by forgetting a new phone number due to remembering your old one?
Retroactive interference
Proactive interference
Context-dependent memory
Encoding variability
Which scenario illustrates retroactive interference?
A teacher forgets her new students' names but remembers those from last year
A person confuses new facts with ones learned earlier
Learning a new password makes it harder to recall an old one
Studying too fast and forgetting everything
In paired-associates learning, the “cue” is:
The second word in the pair
The first word used to retrieve the second
A distractor item
The semantic link
In Barnes & Underwood's 1959 study, which outcome supported retroactive interference?
Stronger recall for A-B over A-C pairs
Weak cue associations at retrieval
A-C associations becoming stronger than A-B
Weakness of semantic encoding
Proactive interference involves:
Weak rehearsal at encoding
Later learning disrupting earlier learning
Early memories interfering with new learning
Failure to elaborate on semantic content
Retroactive interference results in:
Enhanced learning of A-B lists
Replacement of old associations by new ones
Greater STM decay
Chunking breakdown
A student studies psychology, then philosophy. During the philosophy exam, she keeps writing psychology concepts. This is an example of:
Source misattribution
Retroactive interference
Proactive interference
Misinformation effect
Which theory explains forgetting due to competition between retrieval cues?
Encoding specificity
Interference theory
Decay theory
Schema theory
In Thomson & Tulving's (1970) study, recall was best when:
No cues were provided
A strong cue was used during testing
Weak cue from encoding was used during retrieval
Cues matched participant preferences
Why did strong cues in Thomson & Tulving's study sometimes impair performance?
They were irrelevant
They caused overlearning
They mismatched the context of encoding
They were too semantic
According to encoding specificity, forgetting can occur when:
Emotional arousal is too high
Encoding context differs from retrieval context
STM is overwhelmed
Maintenance rehearsal is used
The finding that scuba divers remembered words better when tested in the same environment as they learned them supports:
Retrieval-induced forgetting
Spacing effect
Encoding specificity
Flashbulb memory theory
Which of the following is TRUE of encoding specificity?
It applies equally to recognition and recall
It improves both recall and recognition equally
It primarily enhances recognition tasks
It improves recall more than recognition
Which of the following is most influenced by state-dependent learning?
Answering multiple-choice questions
Recalling a conversation while intoxicated
Solving math problems
Reading comprehension
State-dependent effects are strongest when:
Recognition tests are used
Emotional states vary
Retrieval and encoding states match
Multiple cues are provided
Which is NOT a benefit of the spacing effect?
Memory traces are consolidated more often
Retrieval cues become more variable
Forgetting is increased between sessions
Contextual variety supports retrieval
According to Rundus (1971), primacy effect in the serial position curve is likely due to:
Distraction
Maintenance rehearsal
Elaborative rehearsal of later items
Greater rehearsal of early items
The levels-of-processing theory suggests memory performance depends most on:
Time spent rehearsing
Type of memory system used
Depth of processing at encoding
Duration of STM
Which task represents shallow processing?
Judging a word’s font color
Categorizing animals vs tools
Fitting a word into a sentence
Thinking of a personal memory involving the word
According to Craik & Tulving (1975), which question would lead to the BEST recall of the word “salt”
According to Craik & Tulving (1975), which question would lead to the BEST recall of the word “salt”?
Is it written in uppercase?
Does it rhyme with “halt”?
Does it fit into this sentence: “The ___ was on the table”?
How many letters does it have?
Deep processing is associated with:
Phonological encoding
Acoustic rehearsal
Semantic analysis
Chunking
Which of the following best illustrates elaborative rehearsal?
Repeating a number over and over until you type it
Memorizing a list by creating a story using all the items
Rehearsing a phone number in your head before dialing
Looking at each word on a list twice
According to Craik & Lockhart’s levels-of-processing view, memory improvement is most associated with:
Maintenance rehearsal
Passive repetition
Deeper semantic analysis
Visual imagery
A key criticism of the levels-of-processing framework is that:
It fails to distinguish STM from LTM
Depth of processing is hard to define or measure
Semantic processing is less effective than structural
It ignores any role of rehearsal
Which of the following supports the idea that rehearsal alone is not sufficient for LTM storage?
Primacy effect
Shallow encoding tasks yielding poor recall
The use of semantic clustering in recall
Spaced repetition
Which study challenged the idea that semantic encoding always leads to better memory?
Craik & Tulving (1975)
Baddeley (1966)
Rundus (1971)
Baddeley (1978)
Which mnemonic method requires visualizing a route and placing items at specific locations along the path?
Pegword method
Chunking
Method of loci
Spaced repetition
Which is a core feature of the pegword method?
Repeating the words out loud
Creating a mental story
Associating items with a rhyming, ordered list
Categorizing based on semantic meaning
“One is a bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree...” is an example of:
Encoding specificity
Pegword system
Method of loci
Memory consolidation
According to Bower (1970), interacting images help memory because:
They eliminate semantic interference
They engage only procedural memory
They create vivid, interactive mental representations
They prevent proactive interference
Mnemonics work best when:
Items are unrelated and semantically meaningless
Information is randomly organized
The learner constructs personalized or vivid images
Cues are kept verbal and abstract
The method of loci is most effective for:
Remembering abstract concepts
Learning procedural skills
Memorizing ordered lists of concrete items
Solving logic puzzles
The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon reflects a failure in:
Semantic encoding
Phonological retrieval
Memory consolidation
Emotional memory encoding
Which of the following is typically known during a TOT experience?
The word’s spelling
The word’s phonemes
The number of syllables and initial sound
The exact definition and translation
TOT states are more likely to occur with:
Common words
Unfamiliar phonological structures
Semantic encoding failure
Visual stimuli
The TOT phenomenon provides evidence that:
Semantic and phonological systems operate independently
Phonological memory is always superior
Rehearsal guarantees retrieval
Emotional memory inhibits recall
A key characteristic of the TOT state is:
Inability to recall any part of the word
Lack of semantic knowledge
Feeling of imminent retrieval
Complete memory failure
Which of the following best describes autobiographical memory?
Memory for procedural skills
General facts and concepts
Personal life events involving the self
Flashbulb recollections of shocking events
Bahrick et al. (1975) found that high school graduates could:
Recall almost all names and faces after 50 years
Recognize names and faces decades later, despite poor free recall
Recall better with free recall than recognition tasks
Repress memories from adolescence
Linton’s study of her own memory showed that:
Personal memories are indistinguishable from lab memories
Semantic memory improves over time
Memory for distinct and meaningful personal events can remain durable
Recognition tasks are more difficult than recall
Brewer’s (1988) use of beepers showed that:
Memories from random moments are remembered more vividly
Recall for mundane events is more accurate than emotional ones
Distinct, personally meaningful events are remembered best
Long-term recall is limited to 3 months
Infantile amnesia refers to:
Poor procedural memory in infancy
Inability to form episodic memories after age 3
General memory loss in adulthood
Difficulty recalling events from before age 3
According to Howe & Courage (1997), what is needed to form autobiographical memories?
Procedural learning
Sense of self
Language fluency
Semantic rehearsal
Simcock & Hayne (2002) found that:
Children can recall any event, regardless of age
Early memories are encoded semantically
Language limits the ability to express earlier experiences
Encoding specificity has no impact before age 5
The hippocampus plays a key role in:
Semantic memory encoding
Procedural learning
Autobiographical memory formation
Flashbulb memory decay
Which of the following best illustrates a flashbulb memory?
Remembering a friend’s birthday every year
Recalling a traumatic accident in vivid detail
Memorizing historical dates
Recalling how to tie a shoelace
Which memory characteristic is often assumed of flashbulb memories, but not supported by most research?
Vividness
Long-lasting retention
Superior accuracy
Emotional arousal
According to Brown & Kulik (1977), flashbulb memories involve:
Memories for common everyday routines
Semantic encoding of famous events
Vivid memories for the moment one learns of a shocking event
Gradual loss of details over time
What did Talarico & Rubin (2003) find about flashbulb memories?
They are significantly more accurate than normal memories
They fade at the same rate as everyday memories, despite feeling more vivid
Emotional intensity prevents memory loss
They involve a unique memory process
Which study showed that 45% of people recalled a video that never existed (Princess Diana crash)?
Conway et al. (1994)
Loftus & Palmer (1974)
Ost et al. (2002)
Talarico & Rubin (2003)
The Challenger explosion study by Neisser & Harsch (1992) demonstrated that:
Flashbulb memories become more accurate over time
People forget emotional details faster than neutral ones
Flashbulb memories are often inaccurate, despite confidence
Memory fades only when it lacks rehearsal
Which brain structure is most associated with emotional enhancement of memory (e.g., in flashbulb events)?
Hippocampus
Prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
Temporal lobe
According to the weapon focus effect, eyewitnesses:
Are more likely to notice the suspect’s facial features
Can accurately recall context despite high stress
Fixate on the weapon and recall fewer peripheral details
Remember all details equally under threat
The misinformation effect demonstrates that:
Leading questions have no effect on eyewitness memory
Memory retrieval is unaffected by new information
Witnesses can incorporate false details into their memory
Recall is stronger for emotional than neutral scenes
Loftus et al. (1978) showed reduced memory accuracy when participants:
Were given strong cues
Were intoxicated during encoding
Were asked misleading questions about a stop/yield sign
Had high emotional arousal
Source misattribution occurs when:
People forget an event happened
People confuse the origin of a memory
People recall events from dreams as real
People recognize details without understanding them
Confirmation bias in eyewitnesses may cause:
Overwriting of true memories
Avoidance of line-up procedures
Distortion of memory to fit stereotypes or expectations
Enhanced semantic encoding
Recovered memories typically involve:
Recent events triggered by trauma
Intentional rehearsal of semantic knowledge
Sudden recall of traumatic events after long periods of forgetting
Procedural learning errors
According to Freudian theory, traumatic memories can be:
Strengthened with repeated exposure
Stored permanently in procedural memory
Repressed into the unconscious and later recovered
Easily retrieved through flashbulb encoding
The shopping mall study by Loftus & Pickrell (1995) demonstrated that:
Emotional arousal improves recall accuracy
It’s impossible to plant false memories without photos
People can form false memories for plausible events
Recognition is less prone to errors than recall
In Loftus & Pickrell’s experiment, what proportion of participants “recalled” the false shopping mall event?
10%
29%
50%
73%
The Clancy et al. (2000) study found that women with recovered memories were:
More likely to forget semantically related words
More accurate than other groups
More susceptible to false recognition of related lure words
Unable to remember basic autobiographical facts
What was a key finding in Geraerts et al. (2007) regarding corroborated abuse?
All recovered memories were equally reliable
Only those recovered during therapy had strong evidence
Recovered memories outside therapy were more likely to be genuine
Recovered memories during therapy were most accurate
Which memory phenomenon best explains creating vivid but false childhood memories from suggestive questioning and imagery?
Encoding specificity
Schema-driven recall
Source misattribution
Misinformation effect
False memories and eyewitness memory both involve:
Long-term procedural errors
Memory for skills instead of facts
The role of suggestion and new information
Immediate forgetting of traumatic material
Which of the following would most likely result in a false memory?
Deep semantic processing
Free recall with no cues
Imagining an event repeatedly as if it happened
Elaborative rehearsal
The War of the Ghosts study by Bartlett demonstrated that:
Memory for nonsense syllables is most reliable
Stories are recalled with consistent cultural accuracy
Memory is reconstructed based on schemas and expectations
Serial recall leads to better accuracy than free recall
Which concept explains how people “fill in” missing memory details with expectations or world knowledge?
Maintenance rehearsal
Schema theory
State-dependent learning
Cue-overload principle
Bartlett criticized Ebbinghaus’ approach because:
He used real-life stimuli instead of nonsense syllables
His stimuli were not culturally relevant
Ebbinghaus’ nonsense syllables were not reflective of real memory usage
He failed to use a control group
Neisser criticized laboratory memory studies for:
Lacking emotion
Being unethical
Having poor ecological validity
Ignoring short-term memory
Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?
It results from damage to the cerebellum
It involves forgetting events from before the trauma
It impairs new memory formation after injury
It causes loss of procedural memory
Which memory is often preserved in anterograde amnesia?
Episodic
Semantic
Procedural
Flashbulb
Patient H.M. displayed:
Global retrograde amnesia
Normal formation of new episodic memories
Severe anterograde amnesia and spared procedural learning
Inability to recall any childhood experiences
What is a hallmark of retrograde amnesia?
Loss of memory for events after a trauma
Loss of previously acquired information
Short-term memory impairment
Loss of the ability to encode new information
Which type of memory is typically spared in retrograde amnesia?
Episodic memory
Autobiographical memory
Procedural memory and general knowledge
Recent emotional events
Which brain region is most associated with the type of learning preserved in amnesic patients (e.g., mirror-tracing)?
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Basal ganglia
Occipital lobe
What do findings from amnesic patients like H.M. and Clive Wearing suggest about memory systems?
All memory systems are intertwined and rely on the hippocampus
Procedural and declarative memories rely on the same system
There are separate systems for procedural and declarative memory
Working memory is often impaired with declarative memory loss
What is memory consolidation?
The process of rehearsing information in STM
The transformation of sensory input into motor output
Stabilizing a memory trace after initial acquisition
The loss of memory over time due to decay
Emotional arousal enhances memory consolidation primarily through the:
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Amygdala
Prefrontal cortex
According to LaBar & Phelps (1998), participants remembered which types of words better?
Neutral
Procedural
Emotionally arousing
Abstract
Dolcos et al. (2005) found that emotional pictures:
Were recalled poorly due to distraction
Had no effect on memory after 1 year
Were remembered better, even after a long delay
Were less effective than neutral stimuli in retrieval tasks
Which hormone is believed to enhance memory consolidation under emotional arousal?
Dopamine
Cortisol
Oxytocin
Melatonin
In the spacing effect, which of the following explains why spaced practice improves recall?
Massed learning increases rehearsal time
Spaced learning allows for memory decay
Spaced learning increases context variability and retrieval cues
Cramming activates procedural memory
Which of the following best explains the primacy effect?
Items at the beginning are most recently rehearsed
Earlier items receive more attention and rehearsal, aiding LTM storage
Items are grouped semantically
Emotional content enhances beginning items
Rundus (1971) demonstrated that recall probability is positively correlated with:
Surprise recognition
Maintenance rehearsal
Frequency of rehearsal during encoding
Cue-dependent forgetting
What kind of rehearsal is most effective for transferring information to long-term memory?
Visual rehearsal
Maintenance rehearsal
Elaborative rehearsal
Phonological rehearsal
Which of the following best exemplifies maintenance rehearsal?
Creating a story to remember grocery items
Repeating a phone number silently until you dial it
Using a mnemonic to encode item order
Classifying items into categories
When someone forgets a fact despite having encoded it deeply, the failure is likely due to:
Lack of semantic processing
Ineffective retrieval cues
Shallow rehearsal
Overlearning
The context-dependent nature of memory is best explained by:
Depth of processing theory
Consolidation theory
Encoding specificity principle
Interference theory
The reason why drunk individuals recall memories better when drunk again reflects:
Mood-congruent memory
Retrieval-induced forgetting
State-dependent learning
Procedural priming
The serial position curve shows that:
Recall is better for middle items
All items are recalled equally
First and last items are recalled better than middle ones
Short-term memory only affects recency
The TOT phenomenon indicates:
Memory consolidation failure
Complete semantic retrieval
Partial access to phonological information
Lack of prior rehearsal
Which statement accurately reflects memory as a reconstructive process?
Memories are exact copies of what was experienced
Recollection involves rebuilding a plausible version of past events
Memory is unaffected by current beliefs or expectations
Repetition guarantees accurate recall
A person remembers hearing about a robbery on TV, but the event never aired. This is an example of:
Repression
State-dependent recall
False recognition
Source misattribution
Which of the following is the most reliable memory type across time?
Flashbulb memory
Procedural memory
Episodic memory
Reconstructed semantic memory
What best explains why people confidently misremember details of a highly emotional event?
Flashbulb memories are more accurate
Emotion increases rehearsal time
Flashbulb memories are vivid, but not always accurate
Semantic memory replaces emotional memory
