• It refers to the acceptance of religious beliefs or doctrines as true

• This includes belief in god, divine beings, sacred texts, miracles, the afterlife, etc.

• This method focuses on the origins, developments, and historical context of religions.

• The goal is to trace how religions have evolved over time

• The tools used are the historical texts, archaeological findings, ancient manuscripts

• Examines religion as a cultural system and how it influences human behavior and social structures

• The goal is to understand religion as a component of culture

• Fieldwork, Ethnography, Participant Observation

• Looks at the social functions and effects of religion within a society.

• To analyze how religion affects and is affected by social institutions like family, politics, and education

• Surveys, Statistics, Case Studies

• Focuses on the mental and emotional aspects of religious experience

• To understand how religions affects individual consciousness and behavior

• Case studies, Psychological testing, Analysis of dreams or visions

• Uses reason and logic to analyze religious concepts, arguments, and beliefs

• To explore fundamental questions about God, morality, existence, and the nature of faith

• Critical Thinking, Argument Analysis, Logical Reasoning

• Studies religion from the perspectives of believers, aiming to understand religious experiences as they are lived.

• To describe and interpret religious phenomena without judging their truth

• Descriptive Analysis, Interviews, First-Person Accounts

• Compares religious beliefs, rituals, myths, and structures across different traditions

• To find patterns and differences among religions

• Cross-religious analysis of texts, doctrines, symbols

• Seeks to understand and Interpret religious texts, doctrines, and traditions from within the faith.

• To deepen faith and clarify religious teachings.

• Scriptural exegesis, doctrinal analysis, religious tradition

• Is an individual’s connection to that which is considered sacred, divine, or worthy of special consideration.

• It includes devotion, ethical behavior, correct doctrine, and rites of a religion.

• Is something that offers personal meanings, andhasnothing todowith religion. Itentailssearchingforpurpose and direction in life to reach one’s goal.

• Can be practiced through meditation,being mindful,and engaging with nature or even through art.

“A unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things…" Who is the one who stated this?

(a)  

“Religion is the state of being ultimately concerned.” Who is the one stated this?

(a)  

“A system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations…” Who is the one who stated this?

(a)  

Is a system of beliefs, practices, and values centered around questions of ultimate meaning, the divine or sacred, and the purpose of human existence.

(a)  

Found in all cultures

(a)  

Changes over time and place

(a)  

Private faith vs. organized practice

(a)  

Early humans believed that natural elements (animals, trees, rivers) had spirits

(a)  

Shamans or spiritual leaders performed rituals, healing, and communicated with spirits.

(a)  

Evidence from sites like Neanderthal graves shows belief in an afterlife.

(a)  

Found in places like Lascaux (France), these suggest ritualistic or spiritual meaning.

(a)  

• Polytheistic (many gods like Anu, Enli

• Built temples called ziggurats

• Religion and government were deeply connected

• Less is known, but seals show animals and ritual bathing (early forms of Hinduism)

(a)  

• Gods like Ra (sun god), Osiris (god of the afterlife)

• Strong focus on the afterlife, mummification, and the soul (ka and ba)

Ancestor worship and belief in Shangdi (supreme deity)

(a)  

• Gods of nature ( sun, rain, and maize )

• Ritual Sacrifice

• One of the first monotheistic religion

• Originated in the persia / Iran

Emergence of strict monotheistic law

(a)  

• It involves the worship of multiple gods or deities

• These gods represent natural forces, celestial bodies, or specific aspect of life

• Religions of Mesopotamia ( Sumerian and Babylonian Beliefs ) belong to this classification

They worshipped gods and goddesses like Zeus, Athena, and Apollo

(a)  

Recognizes multiple deities like Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva with varied interpretations

(a)  

Featured gods and goddesses like Odin, Thor, Freyja

(a)  

Worshipped gods like Ra, Isis, and Orisis

(a)  

• Holds that everythingin the universe is sacred anddivine.

• Some ancient New eastern beliefs leaned toward Pantheism

• Example, the concept of thecosmos order (Ma’at in ancientEgypt) reflects a pantheistic viewpoint.

Some schools of (a)   , like Mahayanand Vajrayana, have Pantheistic elemenns, emphasizing the interconnectedness of all phenomena.

Many Native Americanand Aboriginal Australian traditions see the divine innature and all living things.

(a)  

Some contemporary spiritual movements, like eco-spirituality and naturebased spirituality, have pantheistic elements.

(a)  

• Believes in one most powerful God.

• Judaism is among the first-ever monotheistic religion.

• It heavily impacted Christianity and Islam among many other religion.

Believes in one God,manifesting as the Trinity (Father, Son,and Holy Spirit).

(a)  

Worships one God, Allah, with the Quran as the holy book.

(a)  

Focuses on the covenant between God (Yahweh) and the Jewish people.

(a)  

• rejects the idea that a God orany supernatural being exists

• It gained popularity during the “Enlightenment” era in the 18th centurywhen reasons, science, andskepticism challenged religious beliefs.

Is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature, meaning, and implications of religion

(a)  

often uses symbols and metaphors to describe non-empirical realities (e.g., “God is love”).

(a)  

Claimed religious statements are meaningless unless they can be verified empirically. Forexample: "God exists" cannot be tested like "Water boils at100°C.“

(a)  

Suggests religious language are expressions ofhuman experience, language, or social practices, not facts about an external being. Example: Saying “God is my rock” expresses emotional security, not a literal claim.

(a)  

God is personal, all-knowing, all-powerful, and all-good.

(a)  

Argues that the God hypothesis is unnecessary for explaining theuniverse.

(a)  

If God is omnibenevolentand omnipotent, evil should not exist.

(a)  

The amount ofsuffering (natural disasters, genocide) seems incompatible with a loving God.

(a)  

Humans cause moral evil due to free will.

(a)  

Suffering helps us grow spiritually.

(a)  

Suffering is inherent to life and caused bydesire (dukkha); solution is to overcome attachment.

(a)  

Are often cited as evidence of divine intervention

(a)  

• Is a systematic method ofunderstanding the natural worldthrough observation, experimentation,and evidence-based reasoning.

• It focuses on what can be measured and tested, using the scientific method

Is a system of beliefs, oftencentered on the divine or supernatural, that provides moral guidance,explanations about the universe, and aframework for understanding life’s purp-ose and meaning.

(a)  

Science was once called as?

(a)  

Science and religion are in direct opposition. One must choose between them because their claims are mutually exclusive.

(a)  

• Galileo’s conflict with the Catholic Church over heliocentrism.

• Darwin’s theory of evolution vs. biblicalcreationism.

• What model is being talked about?

Science and religion are separate realms of inquiry. Each addresses different questions using different methods

(a)  

What is the definition of NOMA?

(a)  

Who created the NOMA or Non-Overlapping Magisteria?

(a)  

• Science explains how the universe works.

• Religion answers why we exist and whatis morally right.

• What type of model is being referred?

• Science and religion can communicate and learn from each other. While they are distinct, they can share common questions or conceptual frameworks.

• Philosophers and scientists discussing the fine-tuning of the universe in light of both physics and theology

• Ethics in genetic engineering drawing onboth science and religious values.

• What type of model is being referred?

Science and religion are deeply interconnected and can be integrated into a comprehensive world view.

(a)  

Using science to support belief in God (e.g., design arguments).

(a)  

Interpreting religious beliefs in light of scientific discoveries

(a)  

Metaphysical system integrating science and theology

(a)  

• Teilhard de Chardin’s synthesis of evolution and Christian theology.

• Big Bang theory seen as compatible with the idea of creation ex nihilo.

• What type of model is being referred?