The single, unifying universal spirit or reality in Hinduism; all deities are seen as aspects of it.

The individual soul or essence, believed to be part of Brahman.

The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth of the soul (reincarnation) in different bodies over many lifetimes.

The law of cause and effect; a person’s actions in this life influence their future lives.

One’s moral duty or obligation based on caste, age, and stage in life; following it improves karma.

Liberation from the cycle of reincarnation; union of the atman with Brahman.

Belief in many gods. Hinduism includes many deities, though all are aspects of one divine reality.

A Hindu act of worship, which can take place at home or in temples.

The oldest sacred Hindu texts, written in Sanskrit; contain hymns, rituals, and spiritual knowledge.

Philosophical texts explaining the deeper meanings of the Vedas, especially concepts like Brahman and Atman.

A sacred Hindu text that teaches the importance of doing one’s duty (dharma) and devotion to God.

A rigid social hierarchy in India dividing people into distinct hereditary classes (Varna).

The four broad social classes in ancient Hindu society.

Priests and scholars in the caste system.

Groups outside the varna system, historically marginalized and given the lowest-status jobs

aka "Untouchables"

Sub-castes within the broader varna system, often tied to specific occupations.

The ability to move up or down in social class; limited in the caste system and often only possible through rebirth.

The creator god in Hinduism.

The preserver god, associated with protection and balance.

The destroyer god, associated with transformation and change.

A sacred sound and symbol in Hinduism, representing the universe and ultimate reality.