combination of numbers and letters

sentences and paragraphs used in written communication

graphics, shapes, figures etc.

human voice and other sounds

Best of the Worst

It involves looking at the worst that could happen for each possible course of action and then choosing/selecting the action with the largest value.

It involves looking at the best that could happen for each possible course of action and then choosing/selecting the action with the largest value.

Best of the Best

It involves calculating the average of each alternative and then choosing/selecting the alternative with the largest average.

It involves multiplying the best outcome in the row by the given value of α, multiplying the worst outcome in the row by 1-α, and adding the two (2) result together.

It involves computing an opportunistic loss (or regret) of each alternative by simply subtracting the entry from that of the highest column value and selecting the maximum regret value of each row. Finally, determine the decision by choosing the minimum/lowest regret.

EV = P (X)

Expected Value

EV = P (X)

Probability of an Event

EV = P (X)

Amount to be received for a particular event

The Quantitative Analysis Approach

Types of Model Except

The Quantitative Analysis Approach

Possible Problems in Defining the Problem (4)

The Quantitative Analysis Approach

Possible Problems in Developing a Model (2)

The Quantitative Analysis Approach

Possible Problems in Acquiring an Input Data (2)

The Quantitative Analysis Approach

It is usually sensitive data such as cash flows and turnovers, hence, it is not open for public research.

The Quantitative Analysis Approach

We tend to manipulate data according to our own purposes to make it look “good and clean”.

It is about attributes and properties; information that can't actually be measured.

It is the data that can be measured and expressed in numerical terms.

A kind of Qualitative Data that involves naming/identifying a thing without assigning it to an implicit or natural value or rank.

A kind of Qualitative Data that involves some kind of order or scale (such as low to high or high to low) relationship among the variable’s observations.

A kind of Quantitative Data that reflects a number obtained by counting. Typically, it involves integers.

A kind of Quantitative Data that could be divided and reduced to finer and finer levels. The

number of decimal places depends on the precision of the measuring device.

Methods of Collecting Qualitative Data

It is an open discussion group of about 6- 8 participants led by a neutral moderator or facilitator.

Methods of Collecting Qualitative Data

It is the process of gathering open-ended, firsthand information by observing an object or a phenomenon in a certain way.

Methods of Collecting Qualitative Data

It is a purposeful discussion between two (2) or more people by asking questions directly from respondents, either face-to- face or by telephone.

Methods of Collecting Qualitative Data

This involves materials such as newspapers.

Classification of Quantitative Data

It is a data which not only classifies and orders the measurements, but also specifies the exact differences between the values.

Classification of Quantitative Data

It tell us the exact value between units and also have an absolute zero.

Methods of Collecting Quantitative Data

It is used to collect/gather information from a group of people by employing printed questionnaires mailed to large samples, though it can also be done through the telephone.

Methods of Collecting Quantitative Data

It deliberately assigns subjects to various treatments for studying the reasons for changes in the output response(s).

Methods of Collecting Quantitative Data

It collects data in a way that does not directly interfere with how the data arise, i.e. merely "observe".

Manipulation can be done by EXCEPT:

It involves examining the collected information in ways that reveal the relationships, patterns, trends, etc. that can be found within it.

It allows a series of “what-if” questions to be answered for it determine possible changes in the

various parameters of the original problem.

There is a false notion in us that if someone thinks complicatedly or elaborately thinks well.

QA models tend to give one solution to a problem. One way to offset this is to come up with alternative scenarios or sensitivities to give managers options to choose from.

Planning and Conducting Surveys

I. Analyze the results by making graphs and drawing conclusions

II. Determine the goal of your survey

III. Decide what questions to ask in what order, and how to phrase them

IV. Choose which of the following methods to use to collect valuable information with the survey

V. Identify the sample population

VI. Conduct the interview and collect the information.

It is the factor that causes a change in the dependent variable. It can be thought of as an intervention or a treatment.

It is what we hope to change through the experiment. This is the “effect” in cause and effect relationship.

(aka Classification Factors, Uncontrollable Factors)

(aka Experimental Factors, Controllable Factors)

Planning and Conducting Experiments

I. Experiment Idea (Recognition of the goal of the experiment)

II. Analysis and Interpretation

III. Experiment Planning

IV. Presentation and Package

V. Experiment Operation

Experiment Designs

This is when each person or object upon which the treatment is applied is assigned to a treatment completely at random.

Experiment Designs

This is when the person or object upon which the treatment is applied are paired up and each of the pair is assigned to a different treatment.

Experiment Designs

This is used when the person or object upon which the treatment is applied are divided into homogeneous groups called blocks. Within each block, the person or object upon which the treatment is applied are randomly assigned treatments.

Validity Evaluations

It occurs when causal relationship between the variables being studied can be determined.

Validity Evaluations

It occurs when conclusions can be generalized to other people, times and contexts.

Validity Evaluations

It demonstrates that the assessment is actually measuring the quality of an instrument or experimental design.

Validity Evaluations

It occurs when a relationship of some kind between the two variables being examined can be found.

Experiment Operation

It is concerned with preparing the subjects as well as the material needed (e. g., data collection forms). The participants must be informed about the intention; we must have their consent and they must be committed.

Experiment Operation

It is concerned with ensuring that the experiment is conducted according to the plan and design

of the experiment, which includes data collection.

Experiment Operation

It is concerned with ensuring that the actual collected data is correct and provide a valid picture of the experiment.

Analysis and Interpretations

Provides information about the properties of the produced data and allow readers to understand important things about it from a single glance.

Analysis and Interpretations

It allows us to estimate how likely it is that our results were produced by chance rather

than a genuine experimental effect.