Indicte when a speaker is ready to yield or take the floor

(a)  

Ex. Pauses, or "what do you think? "

(a)  

Show the listener is engaged and following along

(a)  

Ex. "Mhm" nodding or brief affirmation

(a)  

Used to clarify or correct misunderstandings

(a)  

Ex. "Wait can you repeat that? Or Rephrasing a statement

(a)  

Indicate the conversation is ending

(a)  

Ex. "Well it was a great talking! " or summarizing key points

(a)  

Convey emotions like happiness, anger, or confusion

(a)  

Hand or body movements to emphasize or illustrate points

(a)  

Postures and movements that reflect openness or defensiveness

(a)  

Signals attention, interest, or dominance

(a)  

Use of physical space to convey relationship or comfort

(a)  

Tone, pitch, volume, or speed of speech

(a)  

Use of touch to communicate

(a)  

Ex. Sarcastic tone to imply humor

(a)  

Ex. A handshake to greet or a Pat on the back for encouragement

(a)  

Ex. Standing closer to friends than strangers

(a)  

Messages communicated through written form

(a)  

Messages communicated through spoken words

(a)  

Journal, opinion paragraph, letter, narrative, email, blog, article

(a)  

Conversation, speech, storytelling, debate, interview, oral presentation

(a)  

More organized

(a)  

More spontaneous

(a)  

A personal record of daily experiences, reflections, and thoughts

(a)  

To record experiences and emotions

(a)  

A short piece presenting a personal stance on an issue with supporting reasons

(a)  

To express a viewpoint, to persuade Readers, to develop reasoning and critical thinking

(a)  

A written message addressed to a specific person or group

(a)  

To communicate requests, information, apologies, or gratitude

(a)  

A story that may be real or fictional

(a)  

To entertain or inspire, to share experiences

(a)  

A digital form of letter writing used for fast communication

(a)  

To inform, request, confirm, or invite

(a)  

Online platform to share stories, opinion or information with a wide audience

(a)  

To inform, entertain, persuade, or inspire, interact and engage with readers

(a)  

Informal exchange of ideas between two or more people

(a)  

Formal talk delivered to an audience

(a)  

Sharing a real or fictional stories orally

(a)  

Formal argument between opposing sides on an issue

(a)  

Question and answer format to gather or share information

(a)  

Organized talk on a topic, often with visual aids

(a)  

Acting out situations or characters to convey messages

(a)  

Group discussion on a topic in front of an audience

(a)  

The process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, or feelings between individuals or groups

(a)  

Communication within oneself, also known as intrapersonal communication

(a)  

Direct, face to face or mediated communication between two or more people

(a)  

The originator of the message

(a)  

The information or idea being conveyed

(a)  

The medium used (e.g. spoken, Witten, digital)

(a)  

The individual or group intended to receive the message

(a)  

The response from the receiver, indicating understanding or misunderstanding

(a)  

The environment or situation in which communication occurs

(a)  

Any interference that distorts the message (physical, psychological, or semantic)

(a)  

Sender translates thoughts into a message

(a)  

Message is sent through a chosen channel

(a)  

Receiver perceives the message

(a)  

Receiver interprets the message

(a)  

Receiver responds, completing the loop

(a)  

Noise distance or environmental distractions

(a)  

Ex. Poor audio during a virtual meeting

(a)  

Emotions, biases, or preconceived notions

(a)  

Ex. Assuming someone's intention without clarifying

(a)  

Misinterpretation due to language differences or jargon

(a)  

Ex. Using technical terms with a non expert Audience

(a)  

Difference message in values, norms, or customs

(a)  

Misunderstanding gestures in cross-cultural interaction

(a)