Which race is attributed to the greatest number of people who have ever committed a felony in the U.S.?

What is the age range of highest imprisonment in the U.S. in 2022?

A 4 year sentence for a felony crime would put someone in a...

The combined state and federal imprisonment rate (per 100,000 people) in the U.S. by the end of 2022 was...

What increased in the U.S. in the 90s?

People imprisoned for violent offenses spend an average of ___ years in prison.

About how many people were held in solitary confinement on any given day in 2019?

As of 2022, what percent of prisoners were held in private facilities?

What is the most common familial incarceration?

In 2005, about ___ of incarcerated people were arrested within their first year of release, and ___ were arrested within 10 years of their release.

What percent of people are eventually released from incarceration?

What are the goals for why we confine people?

Match the description with the goal of confining people:

theoretically impossible to do crime while imprisoned

Match the description with the goal of confining people:

to encourage people not to do crime

Match the description with the goal of confining people:

uses ideas of certainty, severity, and temporal proximity

how likely someone is to actually be caught and punished (people are more deterred when they believe punishment is certain)

how harsh the punishment is once it's applied

how quickly punishment follows a criminal act

Match the description with the goal of confining people:

to change thinking, human capital, and behavior...though there is very little empirical evidence of the success/failure of this method

Match the description with the goal of confining people:

making things right, ex. debtor's prison

Match the description with the goal of confining people:

to inflict a comparable amount of pain -- nowadays about making the sentence length align with the crime's severity

In England and Wales in 1842-1844 (in regards to incapacitation), males reach about ___ confined per 100,000...while females reach about ___ confined per 100,000. In both cases imprisonment decreases after ___ years of age.

Blumstein and Cohen's main claim is that...

Blumstein & Cohen say that crime is born from ___. As this is established, crime is born.

Blumstein & Cohen say that crime is not the level of actual, physical behavior but the level of ___.

These authors say that when there is a lack of crime, society will identify less deviant behaviors as criminal to maintain stable levels of crime.

Blumestein and Cohen say that imprisonment has been relatively stable, but mass incarceration then jumps in ___.

Blumstein and Cohen say that with a more ___ society, there comes less imprisonment.

Blumstein and Cohen say that if society becomes more deviant ___ is slackened.

Rusche and Dinwiddle say that punishment cannot be understood apart from societies ___ and ___ conditions of the time.

The Marxist perspective believes that crime and punishment is shaped by the labor market and class relations.

Rusche and Dinwiddle say that when workers are scarce (unemployment is down) imprisonment ___.

Rusche and Dinwiddle say that when unemployment is up (surplus of workers), punishment becomes ___.

Rusche and Dinwiddle believe that conditions of prisons must be worse than poverty to deter the poor from incarceration.

Rusche and Dinwiddle identify three historical shifts: in the Early Middle Ages ___ was used for punishment.

Rusche and Dinwiddle identify three historical shifts: In the Late Middle Ages, ___ is used for punishment.

Rusche and Dinwiddle identify three historical shifts: in the 17th century and on, ___ is used for punishment.

An example Rusche and Dinwiddle provides is that during the Great Depression, unemployment went up, and therefore prison ___ returned.

Rothman says that during early prison reform, enlightenment and religious ideals transformed the prison through ___.

Rothman says that there began a shift away from reflection to ___.

Rothman critiques ___ theories regarding crime.

Moynahan and Stewart say that prisons grew with ___ and urbanization.

Moynahan and Stewart say that incarceration became a tool for ___ rather than just punishing crimes.

Moynahan and Stewart claim that prisons reinforce cycles of ___.

Moynahan and Stewart claim that punishment became a symbol for ___ rather than solving crime.

Moynahan and Stewart say that probation is ___ compared to imprisonment.

Moynahan and Stewart argue for a shift back to ___.

Rios provides us his story regarding mass incarceration targeting black and Latino boys in his city.

Rios claims that mass incarceration begins with ___ and punishment of marginalized groups early on.

Rios highlights the ___ present in our prison system.

Garland writes in context of the mass imprisonment growth in the ___ in the U.S. and the U.K.

Garland says that mass imprisonment has two characteristics:

This author(s) is the first to coin the term mass incarceration.

Garland claims that the prison system has shifted away from ___ ideals.

Garland claims mass incarceration is not a temporary spike but a new social institution.

Garland claims mass incarceration is just a temporary spike due to social conditions.

The Durkheimian perspective claims that:

Rusche quote #1 claims that:

Rusche quote #2 claims:

Rusche quote #3 claims:

Before the 1780s, it was mostly ___ while people awaited trial.

before the 1780s, more likely punishments for crime included:

holds people who have not been charged, are awaiting trial, or are serving a short sentence

usually at the county level, smaller, and have a more rapid turnover

holds people who have been convicted of a felony and sentenced for more than a year, administered at the state/federal level

At it's start, England held people...

The first organized prison was...

Which are the first three organized proto-prisons?

which of the first photo-prisons was the only one to be influential?

the first photo-prisons were shut down because...

the new prisons following the proto-prisons were...

eastern state penitentiary was under the ___ system

Eastern state (separate system) follows the solitary model outlined in ___

identify characteristics of the separate system:

identify characteristics of the auburn system:

identify characteristics of the separate system:

identify characteristics of the auburn system:

At the time people like ___ and ___ supported the auburn and separate prison systems.

called for specific reform in prisons (ex. cell size and staff training)

The Wines and Dwight Report wanted to ___.

This paper launches the Progressive Era in U.S. prisons.

The Progressive Agenda seeks to heal "sick" prisoners.

One of the major consequences of the Progressive Era was that it...

The Elmira Reformatory was known for being a...

The George Junior Republic was known for being a...

the Norfolk prison community was known for being a...

all of the prisons during the reform era ended because of ___ and other hurdles.

Wins of the progressive era:

Other terms that mean mass incarceration include:

two features that define mass imprisonment include the sheer size and that it becomes the systematic imprisonment of whole groups

systematic doesn't mean always intentional

in 2022 about ___ were in adult correctional systems in the U.S.

comparatively, in Western Europe about 100/100,000 are imprisoned and ___/100,000 are imprisoned in the U.S.

the U.S. had the highest/steepest slope of incarceration in ___ compared to 20 other developed democracies.

The chance that a person is incarcerated at a specific moment.

The lifetime probability that a person will experience incarceration at some point.

In 2023, 1 out of every 100 adults in the U.S. was in prison or jail.

Studies show about 1 in 3 Black men and 1 in 6 Latino men born after the 1970s will be imprisoned at least once in their lives.

risk per 100,000 people between the ages 35-39 years old

first incarceration rates rise sharply among those less than or equal to ___ years old.

per 100,000 people ___ are incarcerated males and ___ are incarcerated females

prisoners who are female doubled from 4% to 8% between ___

nearly 1 in ___ black males are likely to go to prison in 2001

1 in ___ black females vs 1 in 118 white females likely to go to prison

based on statistics, the less educated you are the more likely you are to end up imprisoned

Native American and Black populations have about a ___% chance someone in their immediate family is incarcerated.

those who have no kids are more likely to be imprisoned

over ___% of black children have experienced their father in prison

over ___% of all adult Americans have ever had an immediate family member imprisoned