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Worksheetssocial 2 LN 2 part 1
Total questions: 130
Worksheet time: 1hrs 8mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
During a class presentation, Maya carefully chooses her words and posture to appear confident, even though she feels nervous inside. Which aspect of the self is Maya primarily using?
a)
Self-knowledge
b)
Agent self
c)
Interpersonal self
d)
Self-deception
2.
John resists the urge to eat junk food while studying because he wants to maintain his health goals. Which component of the self does this best illustrate?
a)
Self-esteem
b)
Self-control
c)
Reputation
d)
Social roles
3.
When Amir describes himself as “an ambitious and hardworking person,” which concept is he directly referring to?
a)
Self-schema
b)
Self-deception
c)
Perspective-taking
d)
Social role
4.
Sarah fails an exam but convinces herself that it was only because the teacher made the test unfair, allowing her to maintain her positive self-image. Which process is she engaging in?
a)
Self-awareness
b)
Self-presentation
c)
Self-deception
d)
Self-control
5.
During a team project, David thinks about how his classmates might judge his contributions and whether they see him as reliable. Which domain of the self is most relevant here?
a)
Agent self
b)
Self-knowledge
c)
Interpersonal self
d)
Self-esteem
6.
A student is trying to decide whether to join the debate club or the soccer team by weighing which one fits better with their future goals. This reflects which aspect of the self?
a)
Decision-making
b)
Reputation
c)
Self-presentation
d)
Social schema
7.
When Emily says, “I always get nervous in large crowds,” she is reflecting on which construct of social cognition?
a)
Attribution
b)
Self-schema
c)
Role-playing
d)
Empathy
8.
Alex often volunteers to help others and sees himself as a caring person. This belief is part of his…
a)
Interpersonal self
b)
Self-concept
c)
Group membership
d)
Self-deception
9.
After telling a joke, Lisa quickly thinks about whether her friends laughed because it was funny or just to be polite. Which process of social cognition is she using?
a)
Attribution
b)
Self-presentation
c)
Self-esteem
d)
Active responding
10.
When Kevin introduces himself as a “student leader” in his university, he is identifying himself mainly through…
a)
Self-awareness
b)
Social role
c)
Self-deception
d)
Self-schema
11.
During a family dinner, Maria feels most strongly connected to her role as a daughter, even though at school she identifies primarily as a student. This is an example of her…
a)
Self-schema
b)
Working self-concept
c)
Actual self
d)
Ideal self
12.
David thinks of himself as “athletic” because he has played sports all his life. This belief acts as a mental framework guiding how he processes information about himself. What is this called?
a)
Self-schema
b)
Ought self
c)
Possible self
d)
Self-presentation
13.
Sarah wants to become a successful doctor one day and imagines her future self in that role. Which concept does this best represent?
a)
Actual self
b)
Ideal self
c)
Possible self
d)
Working self-concept
14.
Jake describes himself as a “loyal friend” and a “team player.” These roles and traits together form part of his…
a)
Self-schema
b)
Self-concept
c)
Working self-concept
d)
Self-discrepancy
15.
Priya feels pressure to study law because her family expects her to take over the family business, even though she dreams of being an artist. Which aspect of self is influencing her here?
a)
Ought self
b)
Possible self
c)
Actual self
d)
Self-schema
16.
Michael often recalls situations where he showed leadership, reinforcing his belief that he is a natural leader. This illustrates how…
a)
Roles
b)
Self-deception
c)
Self-schemas
d)
Working self-concept
17.
When Lily compares who she is now with who she wishes to become, she sometimes feels disappointed by the gap between them. Which theory explains this experience?
a)
Self-perception theory
b)
Cognitive dissonance theory
c)
Self-discrepancy theory
d)
Role theory
18.
At a party, James highlights his identity as a musician, while at work he emphasizes his role as an accountant. This shifting identity illustrates…
a)
Self-schema
b)
Self-discrepancy
c)
Working self-concept
d)
Actual self
19.
Carlos thinks “I am a kind person” because he often helps strangers and remembers times when he did so. Which process of self-concept does this describe?
a)
Self-awareness
b)
Self-schema
c)
Self-presentation
d)
Ought self
20.
Emma evaluates herself harshly because her current grades don’t match the straight-A student she aspires to be. This reflects a discrepancy between…
a)
Actual self and ideal self
b)
Actual self and possible self
c)
Ideal self and ought self
d)
Working self-concept and roles
21.
Sarah introduces herself to a new group by saying, “I’m a creative and independent thinker who loves solving problems on my own.” Which type of self-construal is she showing?
a)
Independent
b)
Interdependent
c)
Ought self
d)
Working self-concept
22.
Kenji describes himself by saying, “I’m a good son and a loyal member of my soccer team.” His sense of self is best explained by…
a)
Interdependent self-construal
b)
Independent self-construal
c)
Possible self
d)
Actual self
23.
Maria comes from a culture that emphasizes individual rights, encourages people to stand out, and values self-expression. Which cultural orientation is most consistent with this description?
a)
Collectivist culture
b)
Individualist culture
c)
Interdependent self
d)
Dual self-construal
24.
When David considers his identity, he focuses on his family obligations and responsibilities to his community. Which self-construal is most dominant here?
a)
Independent
b)
Interdependent
c)
Possible
d)
Actual
25.
In a team project, Alex prefers to showcase his unique skills and stand out from his peers, while Maya focuses on group harmony and making sure everyone works together. What does this scenario illustrate?
a)
Self-discrepancy theory
b)
Independent vs. interdependent self-construal
c)
Working self-concept
d)
Cultural schema theory
26.
Li Wei describes herself as “an honest person” and emphasizes traits that stay stable across situations. Which type of self-construal is this?
a)
Interdependent
b)
Independent
c)
Dual-component
d)
Ought self
27.
Carlos balances his role as a caring brother with his ambition to achieve personal success in his career. This shows that…
a)
People can only have one self-construal
b)
Independent and interdependent selves coexist
c)
Cultural norms eliminate self-construals
d)
Self-discrepancy disappears in adulthood
28.
In Canada, a teacher encourages students to pursue their personal dreams, even if they go against family wishes. This reflects which cultural pattern?
a)
Collectivist
b)
Independent
c)
Interdependent
d)
Individualist
29.
A Japanese student emphasizes respecting elders and maintaining harmony in their class. Which cultural emphasis does this reflect?
a)
Individualist
b)
Collectivist
c)
Independent
d)
Actual self
30.
Emily sees herself as ambitious, creative, and confident in pursuing her own goals, but she also values her role as a supportive friend. This reflects…
a)
Ought self-discrepancy
b)
Working self-concept
c)
Dual components of self-construal
d)
Self-schema
31.
Anna wants to know her exact height, so she uses a tape measure. This reflects…
a)
Subjective self-evaluation
b)
Social comparison
c)
Objective self-evaluation
d)
Upward comparison
32.
David wonders if he is generous, so he looks at how often his friends donate to charity compared to himself. What process is he engaging in?
a)
Downward comparison
b)
Objective measurement
c)
Social comparison
d)
Self-discrepancy
33.
When Maria compares her singing skills to a professional singer and feels inspired to practice more, she is engaging in…
a)
Downward comparison
b)
Upward comparison
c)
Self-schema activation
d)
Social role evaluation
34.
After failing a test, Liam tells himself that at least he scored higher than his classmates who failed badly. This illustrates…
a)
Upward comparison
b)
Downward comparison
c)
Objective evaluation
d)
Self-discrepancy
35.
Which type of comparison may boost motivation but also risk lowering self-esteem?
a)
Objective evaluation
b)
Downward comparison
c)
Upward comparison
d)
Working self-concept
36.
Sarah checks her test score against her classmates because there is no absolute way to measure if she is a “good student.” This best illustrates…
a)
Social comparison theory
b)
Self-schema theory
c)
Role theory
d)
Self-discrepancy theory
37.
Comparing yourself to someone worse off to feel better about your own situation is called…
a)
Downward comparison
b)
Upward comparison
c)
Subjective self-evaluation
d)
Cultural construal
38.
Alex feels discouraged after comparing his drawing to a professional artist’s, but he also feels motivated to improve. Which type of comparison explains this?
a)
Objective
b)
Downward
c)
Upward
d)
Social role
39.
Festinger’s (1954) Social Comparison Theory suggests that we evaluate ourselves…
a)
Only through objective measures
b)
By comparing to others when objective standards are unavailable
c)
By ignoring external input
d)
Through biological feedback only
40.
When Mark asks, “Am I hardworking compared to my peers?” he is seeking…
a)
An accurate self-assessment through social comparison
b)
An objective measurement of his performance
c)
A discrepancy between actual and ideal self
d)
A cultural self-construal
41.
When Lisa wants to know if she is truly a good runner, she compares herself to classmates with similar training levels. This reflects…
a)
Self-enhancement motivation
b)
Accuracy motivation
c)
Upward comparison
d)
Downward comparison
42.
After failing a test, James feels better by reminding himself that at least some classmates performed worse. What motivation is guiding his comparison?
a)
Accuracy
b)
Self-enhancement
c)
Self-awareness
d)
Self-discrepancy
43.
Which type of comparison is most likely when people want an honest evaluation of their abilities?
a)
Upward
b)
Downward
c)
Accuracy-based
d)
Self-discrepancy-based
44.
Following a recent job rejection, Maria feels better by thinking about others who are still unemployed. This is an example of…
a)
Upward comparison
b)
Self-enhancement through downward comparison
c)
Accuracy motivation
d)
Objective self-evaluation
45.
According to research, downward comparisons are most effective for boosting mood when…
a)
The setback is recent
b)
The comparison is upward
c)
There’s high risk of further decline
d)
No self-enhancement goal is present
46.
Alex feels reassured after comparing his poor exam grade to a friend who scored even lower. Which psychological function does this serve?
a)
Accuracy
b)
Self-esteem protection
c)
Self-awareness
d)
Self-schema activation
47.
Lockwood (2002) suggested that downward comparisons may sometimes backfire when…
a)
They are made too quickly
b)
They trigger fear of becoming like the worse-off group
c)
They involve close friends
d)
They happen in upward direction
48.
Which of the following best illustrates accuracy motivation?
a)
Comparing your grades to a sibling’s lower grades
b)
Comparing your performance to peers with similar ability
c)
Thinking about how much worse others are doing to feel better
d)
Comparing yourself to a celebrity role model
49.
After losing a sports match, Ethan comforts himself by thinking it could have been worse—his team could have lost by a bigger margin. This is…
a)
Upward comparison
b)
Self-discrepancy
c)
Downward comparison for self-enhancement
d)
Accuracy motivation
50.
Downward comparisons are least effective for boosting self-esteem when…
a)
A setback is fresh
b)
There’s no risk of decline
c)
The situation feels unmanageable or unstable
d)
They’re used as coping
51.
When Emma starts her first year at university, she looks at top-performing seniors to figure out how to succeed. This reflects…
a)
Downward comparison
b)
Upward comparison in new circumstances
c)
Accuracy motivation
d)
Self-discrepancy
52.
John compares his artwork to a famous painter’s and feels inspired to practice more. What motive is driving this?
a)
Self-improvement
b)
Self-enhancement
c)
Accuracy
d)
Self-discrepancy
53.
Which of the following is a major risk of upward social comparison?
a)
Boosting confidence
b)
Overestimating ability
c)
Threats to self-esteem when the gap feels unbridgeable
d)
Ignoring personal goals
54.
Mia tells herself, “That athlete is amazing, but I could also perform that well on a really good day.” This illustrates…
a)
Protective framing
b)
Downward comparison
c)
Accuracy motivation
d)
Self-deception
55.
A student in a new school looks at the best students in her class to figure out what behaviors are rewarded. This upward comparison serves…
a)
Self-affirmation
b)
Self-improvement in new circumstances
c)
Self-deception
d)
Downward comparison
56.
Which of the following reduces the negative impact of upward comparisons on self-esteem?
a)
Comparing your best to their best
b)
Comparing your regular to their best
c)
Avoiding all comparisons
d)
Engaging only in downward comparisons
57.
Carlos feels discouraged when he compares his singing to a professional singer’s flawless performance. What explains his reaction?
a)
Self-enhancement
b)
Upward comparison threat to self-esteem
c)
Downward comparison
d)
Protective framing
58.
Research shows upward comparisons are most motivating when…
a)
They are paired with success feedback or self-affirmation
b)
The gap is extremely large
c)
They are only downward
d)
They are made during setbacks
59.
When Hannah compares her grades to the highest achiever in class and sets them as her target, she is engaging in…
a)
Self-enhancement
b)
Self-improvement motive
c)
Accuracy motivation
d)
Downward comparison
60.
Which of the following best explains why upward comparisons are common in new jobs or schools?
a)
They reduce self-esteem
b)
They provide a roadmap and sense of direction
c)
They reinforce group membership
d)
They eliminate social roles
61.
After failing his driving test, Tom thinks, “I didn’t study enough.” This is an example of…
a)
External attribution
b)
Internal attribution
c)
Uncontrollable attribution
d)
Situational attribution
62.
Sarah blames the heavy rain for her late arrival to work instead of her poor time management. This reflects…
a)
Internal attribution
b)
External attribution
c)
Controllable attribution
d)
Dispositional attribution
63.
If a student attributes their success on an exam to “being naturally intelligent,” the cause is seen as…
a)
Internal and stable
b)
External and unstable
c)
Internal and unstable
d)
External and uncontrollable
64.
David loses a race and tells himself, “My opponent was just faster today.” This explanation is…
a)
Internal attribution
b)
External attribution
c)
Controllable attribution
d)
Stable attribution
65.
Emma feels guilty after forgetting her friend’s birthday because she blames it on her own lack of attention. This guilt arises from…
a)
Internal attribution
b)
External attribution
c)
Uncontrollable attribution
d)
Situational attribution
66.
When Michael explains his poor performance by saying, “The teacher made the exam too hard,” he is engaging in…
a)
External attribution
b)
Internal attribution
c)
Self-enhancement bias
d)
Uncontrollable attribution
67.
A worker feels proud of their promotion because they believe it came from their hard work and persistence. Which type of attribution is this?
a)
Internal
b)
External
c)
Uncontrollable
d)
Situational
68.
According to Attribution Theory, if someone blames failure on uncontrollable external factors, they are most likely to feel…
a)
Guilt
b)
Anger
c)
Pride
d)
Motivation
69.
When Anna attributes her friend’s rudeness to “she must be having a bad day,” she is focusing on…
a)
Dispositional causes
b)
Internal causes
c)
Situational (external) causes
d)
Stable traits
70.
A student who believes they failed because they “just aren’t smart enough” is making an attribution that is…
a)
Internal, stable, uncontrollable
b)
External, stable, controllable
c)
Internal, unstable, controllable
d)
External, unstable, uncontrollable
71.
When observing a colleague missing a deadline, Jason thinks, “They are just lazy.” Jason is making…
a)
An external attribution
b)
An internal attribution
c)
A situational attribution
d)
A self-enhancing attribution
72.
Emma trips over a sidewalk crack and says, “I’m just clumsy today.” This is an example of…
a)
Actor-focused attribution
b)
Observer-focused attribution
c)
External attribution
d)
Upward comparison
73.
Liam sees his friend fail an exam and thinks, “The test was unfair.” This interpretation is…
a)
Internal attribution
b)
External attribution
c)
Self-enhancing bias
d)
Downward comparison
74.
Sarah feels frustrated when her teammate forgets to submit the report, attributing it to carelessness. This is an…
a)
Observer perspective attribution
b)
Actor perspective attribution
c)
Upward comparison
d)
Downward comparison
75.
When Alex reflects on his own mistake, he considers situational factors like lack of sleep. This shows…
a)
Actor perspective attribution
b)
Observer perspective attribution
c)
Upward comparison
d)
Accuracy motivation
76.
If a teacher attributes a student’s tardiness to poor planning, they are likely to feel…
a)
Empathy and support
b)
Judgment or frustration
c)
Pride
d)
Motivation
77.
Maria helps a coworker because she believes their mistake was due to temporary stress. This attribution is…
a)
Internal and stable
b)
External and uncontrollable
c)
External and unstable
d)
Internal and controllable
78.
James watches someone trip and immediately thinks, “That person is careless.” He is…
a)
Using downward social comparison
b)
Making a causal attribution from the observer perspective
c)
Engaging in upward comparison
d)
Reflecting on actor’s self-concept
79.
When evaluating her own behavior, Zoe considers her lack of preparation rather than blaming the room’s noise. This illustrates…
a)
Observer bias
b)
Actor attribution
c)
Downward comparison
d)
Upward comparison
80.
A friend attributes another person’s success to luck, while the successful person credits hard work. This difference illustrates…
a)
Self-serving bias
b)
Observer-actor attribution difference
c)
Social comparison
d)
Self-schema activation
81.
After losing a soccer match, Mia thinks about why her team performed poorly. This first step of noticing the loss is called the…
a)
Outcome
b)
Causal search
c)
Causal ascription
d)
Self-enhancement
82.
David observes his friend arriving late and begins asking, “Was traffic bad, or were they careless?” This step is…
a)
Outcome
b)
Causal search
c)
Causal ascription
d)
Actor-observer difference
83.
When Sarah concludes that her teammate missed the deadline due to laziness, she is performing…
a)
Outcome identification
b)
Causal search
c)
Causal ascription
d)
Self-schema activation
84.
A student fails a test and attributes it to the difficulty of the exam rather than their own preparation. This is an example of…
a)
Internal, controllable attribution
b)
External, uncontrollable attribution
c)
Internal, stable attribution
d)
External, controllable attribution
85.
After seeing someone win an award, John considers their prior effort, talent, and luck before deciding why they succeeded. This part of the process is…
a)
Outcome
b)
Causal search
c)
Causal ascription
d)
Observer bias
86.
Emily feels proud of her success because she attributes it to her hard work and persistence. Which type of attribution is this?
a)
Internal, controllable
b)
Internal, uncontrollable
c)
External, stable
d)
External, uncontrollable
87.
If a teacher blames a student’s failure on lack of effort, they are likely to feel…
a)
Empathy and support
b)
Frustration or blame
c)
Pride
d)
Motivation
88.
After identifying an event (like missing a bus), considering whether it was due to traffic or personal delay, and deciding “It was traffic,” the observer has completed…
a)
Outcome and causal search only
b)
Full three-step process
c)
Causal ascription
d)
Self-enhancement
89.
Liam attributes his own failure to uncontrollable luck, but attributes his friend’s failure to lack of effort. This illustrates…
a)
Actor-observer attribution difference
b)
Upward comparison
c)
Self-concept bias
d)
Downward comparison
90.
Which stage in attribution theory directly determines the emotional and behavioral response to an event?
a)
Outcome
b)
Causal search
c)
Causal ascription
d)
Self-schema activation
91.
You get a promotion and think, “I earned it because of my hard work.” This is an example of…
a)
Internal attribution, self as actor
b)
External attribution, self as actor
c)
Internal attribution, other as actor
d)
External attribution, other as actor
92.
After a colleague gets a raise, you think, “They only got it because the boss is generous.” This reflects…
a)
Internal attribution, other as actor
b)
External attribution, other as actor
c)
Internal attribution, self as actor
d)
External attribution, self as actor
93.
You receive a bonus and say, “It’s only because the market is doing well, not me.” This is…
a)
Internal attribution
b)
External attribution, self as actor
c)
Internal attribution, other as actor
d)
External attribution, other as actor
94.
When your boss awards a raise and you think, “They are kind and fair,” you are making…
a)
Internal attribution, other as actor
b)
External attribution, self as actor
c)
Internal attribution, self as actor
d)
External attribution, other as actor
95.
Alex blames himself for failing a project because he didn’t plan properly. This is an example of…
a)
Internal attribution, self as actor
b)
External attribution, self as actor
c)
Internal attribution, other as actor
d)
External attribution, other as actor
96.
If Maria sees a teammate fail and thinks, “It’s because they didn’t practice enough,” this is…
a)
Internal attribution, other as actor
b)
External attribution, self as actor
c)
Internal attribution, self as actor
d)
External attribution, other as actor
97.
Liam receives a raise and attributes it to the boss rewarding effort. Which type of attribution is this?
a)
Internal, self as actor
b)
External, self as actor
c)
Internal, other as actor
d)
External, other as actor
98.
When evaluating a friend’s success due to favorable market conditions, we are using…
a)
Internal attribution
b)
External attribution, other as actor
c)
Self-serving bias
d)
Upward comparison
99.
The locus of causality helps us understand how people…
a)
Feel, judge, and respond to events
b)
Compare themselves socially
c)
Maintain self-schema
d)
Avoid self-discrepancy
100.
You attribute your own success to talent and your friend’s success to luck. This illustrates…
a)
Actor-observer distinction and internal/external attribution
b)
Upward comparison
c)
Self-enhancement
d)
Downward comparison
101.
After failing an exam, Jake says, “I’m just not smart enough.” This reflects…
a)
Internal, stable, global attribution
b)
External, unstable, specific attribution
c)
Internal, unstable, specific attribution
d)
External, stable, global attribution
102.
Maria thinks, “I failed because the test was unfair.” This is an example of…
a)
Internal attribution
b)
External attribution
c)
Stable attribution
d)
Global attribution
103.
Someone who tends to attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes is likely displaying…
a)
Optimistic attributional style
b)
Pessimistic attributional style
c)
Accuracy motivation
d)
Self-enhancement motivation
104.
Emma usually thinks positive outcomes occur because of her effort and ability. This reflects…
a)
Pessimistic attributional style
b)
Optimistic attributional style
c)
Downward comparison
d)
Upward comparison
105.
Liam fails his presentation but thinks, “I was tired today, that’s why it went poorly.” This attribution is…
a)
Internal, stable
b)
Internal, unstable
c)
External, stable
d)
External, unstable
106.
When Alex says, “I could have prepared better for the test,” which Weiner dimension is being used?
a)
Locus of causality
b)
Controllability
c)
Globality
d)
Intentionality
107.
Sam thinks, “I’m bad at public speaking, and it affects all areas of my life.” Which attribution dimension does this illustrate?
a)
Stability
b)
Globality
c)
Controllability
d)
Intentionality
108.
Jane believes her colleague ignored her on purpose. Which Weiner dimension is this?
a)
Stability
b)
Controllability
c)
Intentionality
d)
Locus of causality
109.
Peter says, “It was just bad luck I missed the train.” This is…
a)
Uncontrollable attribution
b)
Controllable attribution
c)
Internal attribution
d)
Global attribution
110.
A student typically blames themselves for poor grades but, after feedback and support, thinks, “The teacher didn’t explain this topic well.” This shows…
a)
Rigid pessimistic attributional style
b)
Flexible attributional shift
c)
Upward comparison
d)
Downward comparison
111.
After failing a test, Jake thinks, “I didn’t study enough.” This unstable, controllable attribution is likely to…
a)
Cause hopelessness
b)
Lead to motivation to improve
c)
Reduce self-esteem permanently
d)
Trigger anger at others
112.
Emma says, “I am naturally a genius,” after acing a test. This internal, stable, uncontrollable attribution is likely to…
a)
Lead to motivation through effort
b)
Cause pride but little incentive to improve
c)
Reduce self-esteem
d)
Encourage downward comparison
113.
If Alex thinks, “The teacher made the exam too easy,” this external, uncontrollable attribution will likely…
a)
Increase motivation
b)
Reduce personal accountability
c)
Lead to guilt
d)
Promote persistence
114.
Which dimension of Weiner’s model explains whether a cause is under the actor’s control?
a)
Locus of causality
b)
Stability
c)
Controllability
d)
Globality
115.
Thinking “I worked really hard” after success illustrates an attribution that is…
a)
Internal, unstable, controllable, specific, intentional
b)
Internal, stable, uncontrollable, global, unintentional
c)
External, stable, controllable, global, intentional
d)
External, unstable, uncontrollable, specific, unintentional
116.
The psychological and behavioral response to an event depends primarily on…
a)
How much others value you
b)
How you interpret the cause
c)
Your mood alone
d)
Random chance
117.
According to Expectancy-Value Theory, motivation is strongest when…
a)
Value is high but expectancy is low
b)
Both value and expectancy are high
c)
Value is low but expectancy is high
d)
Both value and expectancy are low
118.
After attributing failure to temporary effort, a student is likely to…
a)
Give up
b)
Persist and try harder
c)
Blame the teacher
d)
Avoid future challenges
119.
Thinking “I failed because I’m bad at everything” involves which Weiner dimensions?
a)
Internal, stable, global
b)
Internal, unstable, specific
c)
External, stable, global
d)
External, unstable, specific
120.
How do attributions influence future behavior?
a)
They have no effect
b)
They shape emotions, expectations, and actions in similar situations
c)
They only affect mood briefly
d)
They only affect how others perceive you
121.
After failing a test, Jake thinks, “I didn’t study enough.” This internal, controllable attribution leads to…
a)
Low value and low expectancy
b)
High value and high expectancy, strong motivation
c)
External blame, avoidance
d)
Hopelessness
122.
Maria fails a test and says, “I’m just bad at this subject.” This internal, stable, uncontrollable attribution likely causes…
a)
Motivation to improve
b)
Low value, low expectancy, possible withdrawal
c)
High expectancy, persistence
d)
Upward comparison
123.
Alex fails a test and thinks, “The test was unfair.” This external, uncontrollable attribution may result in…
a)
Increased effort
b)
Disengagement or avoidance
c)
High motivation
d)
Pride
124.
According to Value × Expectancy Theory, motivated behavior is strongest when…
a)
Value is high and expectancy is high
b)
Value is low and expectancy is high
c)
Value is high and expectancy is low
d)
Both value and expectancy are low
125.
Self-serving attributions are characterized by…
a)
Internal attribution for negative outcomes
b)
External attribution for positive outcomes
c)
Internal for positive, external for negative
d)
Internal for negative, external for positive
126.
The ego-protective function of self-serving attributions helps individuals…
a)
Learn from failure
b)
Maintain or enhance self-image
c)
Decrease motivation
d)
Avoid social interactions
127.
Ross & Sicoly (1979) showed that people tend to…
a)
Underestimate their contributions to group efforts
b)
Recall others’ contributions more than their own
c)
Recall their own contributions more, inflate responsibility for success
d)
Attribute failures internally
128.
In Seidel et al.’s fMRI study, self-serving attributions activated the…
a)
Amygdala
b)
Dorsal striatum and dACC
c)
Hippocampus
d)
Ventral tegmental area
129.
The dorsal striatum is involved in…
a)
Memory consolidation
b)
Reinforcement learning
c)
Reward-based motivated behavior
d)
Emotional regulation
130.
Choosing a self-serving attribution is interpreted by the brain as…
a)
Random choice
b)
Strategic choice maximizing psychological reward
c)
Ignoring consequences
d)
Downward comparison
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