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WorksheetsThinking and Learning
Total questions: 34
Worksheet time: 23mins
What cognitive bias is demonstrated in Englich & Mussweiler (2001)?
(a)
Anchoring bias is best illustrated when:
A choice is framed in terms of losses
People seek evidence that confirms what they already believe
A decision is influenced by the first piece of information given
A person avoids risk when outcomes are described as gains
What was the main experimental manipulation in Englich & Mussweiler (2001)?
Framing the crime as more or less severe
Telling judges the crime occurred in a different jurisdiction
Varying the sentence demanded by the prosecutor (anchor)
Changing the guilt verdict
What was the main finding of Englich & Mussweiler (2001)?
Judges’ sentences shifted toward the sentencing demand, even when it was extreme
Judges’ sentences were unaffected by the prosecutor’s request
Judges consistently gave lower sentences than both anchors suggested
Judges always gave harsher sentences when the crime description was more emotional
Why is the anchoring effect in this study particularly concerning?
Because it proves that prosecutors always exaggerate sentence demands
Because it shows that judges are deliberately biased toward prosecutors
Because it shows that expert decision-makers can be unconsciously swayed by irrelevant numbers
Because it suggests that sentencing laws are fundamentally inconsistent
The way information is presented can influence decisions. For example, people are more likely to agree to a medical treatment when it is described as having a 90% survival rate rather than a 10% mortality rate. This illustrates the (a) .
When a teacher believes that girls are better at languages, they may pay closer attention when female students excel in English but overlook male students who perform equally well. This is an example of (a) .
What does confirmation bias refer to in the context of psychology?
The tendency to favor information that supports existing expectations
The tendency to change one’s belief when confronted with new evidence
The tendency to recall neutral evidence more than extreme evidence
The tendency to make decisions based only on first impressions
Why is confirmation bias considered problematic in decision-making?
It leads to more accurate predictions in uncertain situations
It increases objectivity in evaluating opposing viewpoints
It prevents individuals from fairly considering contradictory evidence
It ensures that experts apply legal guidelines consistently
After watching several news stories about airplane crashes, a traveler decides to drive long distances instead of flying because the crashes come easily to mind. This decision is influenced by the (a) .
A student argues that smoking cannot be harmful because their grandfather smoked daily and lived to 95. This reasoning reflects the (a) .
A judge assumes that a defendant with tattoos and a rough appearance is more likely to be guilty, even though the statistical base rates do not support this. This illustrates the (a) .
What is a cognitive schema?
A standardized cultural script that all people share
A fixed biological structure in the hippocampus
A generalized mental representation that organizes knowledge and expectations
A precise memory of a specific personal experience
According to schema theory, what does assimilation involve?
Modifying an existing schema to integrate new information
Changing the external environment to fit one’s schema
Interpreting new information so that it fits with an existing schema
Creating an entirely new schema unrelated to past experience
In schema theory, accommodation occurs when…
Reality is ignored to preserve the existing schema
Multiple conflicting schemas are stored without alteration
A schema is strengthened by repeated exposure to consistent input
A schema is adjusted to better reflect new experiences
When someone immediately imagines strong, uniformed individuals upon hearing the word “firefighter,” this mental image is an example of a (a) .
Schemas are considered (a) because they cannot be directly observed but are inferred from their effects on memory and perception.
What was the aim of Bartlett’s (1932) War of the Ghosts study?
To test how cultural schemas influence memory recall
To investigate how rehearsal strengthens memory consolidation
To examine the effects of emotion on flashbulb memories
To determine whether short-term memory has a limited capacity
What method did Bartlett use in his study?
Controlled laboratory experiment with repeated measures
Serial reproduction and repeated reproduction of a Native American story
Natural observation of memory recall in classrooms
Longitudinal study of autobiographical memory
What was a key finding of Bartlett’s study?
Participants recalled the story with perfect accuracy
Memory became shorter, more conventional, and more coherent over time
Participants were unable to recall the story at all after several trials
Who is credited with the discovery of classical conditioning?
John Watson
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Daniel Kahneman
Which psychologist is most strongly associated with the systematic development of operant conditioning?
(a)
What was psychology largely dominated by before the rise of behaviourism?
Experimental studies of animal learning
Rigorous quantitative studies of memory
Neuroscientific approaches using brain imaging
Subjective methods such as introspection and dream interpretation
What was one of the main principles of behaviourism?
Memory and emotion are the only valid constructs in psychology
Psychology should focus on unconscious processes
Psychology should focus on observable behaviour rather than unobservable constructs
Human behavior cannot be studied scientifically
According to behaviourists, psychology should focus on the associations between a __________ and a __________.
(a)
A (a) stimulus (CS) is originally neutral and does not produce any biologically predetermined reaction.
An (a) response is a reflex response to an unconditioned stimulus.
In Pavlov’s experiments, red meat was the (a) and salivation was the unconditioned response (UR).
When a dog learns to salivate at the sound of a bell without food being presented, this is called a (a) .
The unethical study of Little (a) by Watson and Rayner (1920) showed that fear could be conditioned in a child.
Operant conditioning is also referred to as:
Observational learning
Trial-and-error learning
Classical conditioning
Cognitive learning
Positive reinforcement means:
Removal of an aversive stimulus
Presentation of a pleasant stimulus after behaviour
Removal of a pleasant stimulus after behaviour
Presentation of an aversive stimulus after behaviour
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
Giving a dog a treat for sitting
Taking away a child’s video games for misbehaving
A loud noise stopping when a rat presses a lever
Giving a student detention for being late
Extinction in operant conditioning occurs when:
A behaviour is generalized to other stimuli
A conditioned behaviour is no longer reinforced or punished
Punishment is made more intense
Reinforcement is consistently increased
