The international unit of linear measure is the meter. The meter is the unit commonly

adopted in the Philippines for surveying works. Meter is subdivided into the following units:

(a)  

- The sexagisimal units of angular measurement are the degree,

minute, and second. It is the most commonly used unit of angular

measurement accepted in the Philippines.

(a)  

Conversion of English to Metric System

1 meter (m) = 3.281 foot (ft)

1 meter (m) = 39. 3701 inch (in)

1 meter (m) = 1.09361 yard (yd)

1 mile (mi) = 1609.34 meters (m)

(a)  

1 degree = 1/360th of a circle

1 degree = 60 minutes

1 minute = 60 seconds

1 degree = 3600 seconds

The angular value 20 degree 49 minute 20 seconds can be

expressed as 200 49’ 20”.

(a)  

in measurement or observational error is the difference between the

measured quantity and the true value.

e = x - t

(a)  

Errors due to non-calibrated instrument used in the measurement. This error

will have the same sign and value per measurement with the same condition,

thus, can be eliminated by applying the corrections.

(a)  

also called accidental errors occurs in all measurement. This

error remains even after eliminating mistakes and systematics errors.

(a)  

or blunders are inaccuracies in measurements which are

due to carelessness and improper executions in a surveying works.

(a)  

is defined as the closeness of the measured value to the true value. It is said

that the measurement is more accurate if it is close to a true value, and consequently

the measured quantity is not accurate if it significantly deviates from the desired value.

(a)  

denotes the degree of consistency of the measurements made.

(a)  

Refers to a quantity which, based on available on available data, as more

chances of being correct than has any other.

(a)  

The residuals refers to the variations or deviations in the measurement. It

can be calculated by getting the difference of the most probable value and a

single measurement.

(a)  

Also called root-mean square, it is a quantity determined to indicate the

extent of deviation for a group as a whole. Standard deviation of a group of

observation can be estimated as

(a)  

Is a measurement of the spread of a distribution. Variance can be expressed

as

(a)  

Shall refer to the error for which there are equal chances of the true error

being less and greater than probable error.

(a)