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WorksheetsUnit 2 Exam Final Review
Total questions: 51
Worksheet time: 51mins
A developmental psychologist is studying the impact of cultural practices on infant sleep. Based on the reading, what might explain the controversy surrounding co-sleeping in different cultures?
Cultural norms and parenting philosophies influence whether co-sleeping is viewed as beneficial or risky
Advocating for bed sharing as it strengthens parent-infant bonds
Encouraging parents to co-sleep with their infants to monitor breathing
Increasing the use of soft bedding and crib bumpers to provide comfort
According to research on sleep needs at different stages of the lifespan, which population would likely benefit most from a later school start time (e.g., moving from 7 AM to 8:30 AM)?
High schoolers
middle schoolers
elementary schoolers
preschoolers
A researcher is studying the effects of media exposure on adolescent body image. Based on the reading, which outcome is most likely associated with high media consumption?
Increased body dissatisfaction linked to societal beauty standards
Improved self-esteem due to exposure to diverse body types
Improved self-esteem due to exposure to diverse body types
Enhanced understanding of healthy eating habits
All of the following are true about pregnancy in adolescence except
Parent-child closeness and parental supervision can reduce the risk of adolescent pregnancy
A majority of unmarried teenage mothers receive public assistance within five years of giving birth
Adolescent pregnancy rates in the U.S. have increased due to a decline in birth control use among sexually active teens
Adolescent pregnancy rates in the U.S. have declined, but teenage birth rates remain higher than in most developed countries
How do most researchers currently view menopause?
It is responsible for producing the majority of mood disorders in middle adulthood
It is regarded as a normal part of the aging cycle
It is responsible for increased diagnosis of anxiety attacks among middle-aged women
It produces severe irritability
Which of the following is NOT true regarding nicotine and its effect on health?
E-cigarettes reached their highest prevalence in 2019 and are now slowly declining
Nicotine is highly addictive and can harm brain development in young adults
Young people who use e-cigarettes are less likely to smoke cigarettes in the future
Serious and fatal lung injuries have been linked to e-cigarette use
Gloria is a 17-year-old girl who weighs 82 pounds and is gaunt and frail. Although she fears food and eating, she focuses on food by talking about it, collecting cookbooks, and cooking huge meals for others. Whenever she looks at herself in the mirror, she thinks she is disgustingly fat. Which disorder is Gloria suffering from?
anorexia nervosa
binge eating
bipolar disorder
bulimia
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) include which of the following?
ringworm
human papilloma virus (HPV)
influenza
yeast infections
Along with genetic characteristics, which factor is a major contributor to heart and circulatory disease?
cigarette smoking
intellectual ability
excessive exercise
diet low in fats and cholesterol
How is having a genetic predisposition to a disease related to contracting that disease?
A predisposition toward a disease means that the person will contract the disease
A predisposition makes a disease more likely, but it does not guarantee that the disease will be contracted
Identifying a predisposition means that effective treatments can begin early, the disease can be thoroughly avoided
Having a predisposition to a disease is unrelated to contracting that disease
Which contributor is likely to be strongly related to U.S. children's risk for obesity?
Children from wealthier families have too much food available to them
Children eat a diet that is too dairy-dependent
Children live a sedentary lifestyle
It is completely genetic
Which term is used to describe the natural physical decline brought about by aging, specifically the natural loss of muscle tissue?
macular degeneration
anosmia
sarcopenia
presbycusis
Which disease is produced by severe malnutrition during the first year of life, and causes an infant to stop growing?
kwashiorkor
nonorganic failure to thrive
marasmus
rickets
A public health researcher is analyzing the decline in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) rates since the 1990s. Based on the reading, which intervention likely contributed most to this decline?
Promoting the 'Back to Sleep' campaign, which recommended placing infants on their backs for sleep
Encouraging parents to co-sleep with their infants to monitor breathing
Increasing the use of soft bedding and crib bumpers to provide comfort
Advocating for bed-sharing to strengthen parent-infant bonding
For men, the period of physical and psychological change in the reproductive system is referred to by which term?
male climacteric
testosterone inhibition
male menopause
impotence
Ravenna's bones have become brittle, fragile, and thin. What diagnosis is her physician likely to make?
osteoporosis
presbyopia
melancholia
echolalia
Eight-month-old Jackson alters his schema each time his environment provides him with a new experience. What does this process represent?
reflexive responding
assimilation
secondary circular reactions
accommodation
What term did Jean Piaget use to describe the process in which an infant intentionally repeats a random motor action to begin developing a cognitive schema?
object permanence
centration
circular reaction
simple reflexes
According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, the point reached by young adults in which intelligence is applied to specific situations involving the attainment of long-term goals regarding careers, family, and societal contributions is identified as which stage?
achieving stage
acquisitive stage
reintegrative stage
responsible stage
What is the core characteristic of thinking during the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget?
applying logical operations to solve problems
applying intuition to solve problems
applying reasoning to solve problems
applying abstract knowledge to solve problems
According to Piaget, what do adolescents rely on during the formal operational stage of cognitive development that helps them reason differently than children in the concrete operations stage?
an enlarged prefrontal cortex
genetic abilities
propositional thought
trial and error experience from previous years
During what age range does Piaget’s “first habits and primary circular reactions” stage take place?
1 to 6 months
1 to 4 months
4 to 8 months
1 to 8 months
Seven-year-old Marvin and four-year-old Edgar are sitting at the table as their mother pours milk into their glasses. Both glasses are the same size and shape. However, Marvin's mother notices a chip on the lip of his glass, and decides that it is safer if she pours that milk into another glass. The new glass is shorter and much wider, and when she pours the milk into the new glass Edgar laughs and says that now he has more milk than Marvin. However, Marvin is not upset because he knows that he still got the same amount of milk. Which Piagetian principle is Marvin demonstrating?
formal operation
decentering
preoperational stage
abstract operational stage
In 4-year-old Amanda's preschool class, the group discussion focused on airplanes. After that, Amanda considered herself an expert on airplanes and believed she knew everything there was to know about the subject, even though she was unable to provide a reasonable explanation about why she thought she knew so much. Amanda is demonstrating which Piagetian concept?
actuation
intuitive thought
egocentric thought
centration
Which of the following does not characterize post-formal thought?
Decisions are based on both what is realistic and practical, as well as what is likely to happen and are less likely to be influenced by what others think
Appreciation of multiple perspectives, and the understanding that knowledge depends on the perspective of the knower
Come to appreciate the paradox that there is some right and some wrong in each position, some good or some bad in a policy or approach, some truth and some falsity in a particular idea
Come to realize that ideas are dichotomous: they are either true or false; good or bad; and there is no middle ground
What is a common criticism of Piaget’s stage theory of cognitive development?
The sensorimotor period is longer than Piaget predicted
Piaget focused on a culturally limited set of observations when making claims for universal processes
The preoperational stage should really be divided into seven substages
stretching well into middle childhood
If a 4½-year-old child is asked to draw a person who is first standing upright and then has fallen down, the child is likely to draw the figure in the vertical position, and then the figure lying in the horizontal position with no other intermediate pictures to demonstrate the person falling. This child would be showing a lack of understanding of what Piagetian concept?
egocentric thought
intuitive thought
conservation
transformation
A 2-year-old sees a man who is bald on top with long, frizzy hair on the sides and excitedly shouts, “Clown, clown!” According to Piaget, this reaction is an example of …
Centration
Accomodation
Imaginary audience
Assimilation
According to Piaget, what is the major accomplishment of the "beginnings of thought" substage of the sensorimotor period?
Children understand that a person or object continues to exist even if it cannot be seen
Children are able to show purposeful acts with deliberate variety
Children employ goal-directed behavior,
Children exhibit the capacity for mental representation
How does postformal thought fundamentally differ from Piaget's notion of formal operations?
Postformal thought is a developmental period that precedes formal operations
Postformal thought is based on culturally shared definitions of "truth" and "wisdom."
Postformal thought acknowledges that sometimes there are no clearly right or wrong solutions to a problem
Postformal reasoning leads to a single identifiable solution
What is the name of Piaget’s first major stage of cognitive development, which is further divided into six substages?
formal operational
preoperational
concrete operational
sensorimotor
When Tommy’s mother hides his favorite toy under a pillow, he stops searching for it as if it had disappeared. This behavior shows that he does not yet understand ____ and is in ___ stage.
Object permanence; sensorimotor
Transformation; preoperational
Circular reactions; concrete operational
conservation; preoperational
My daughter, Audrey, had her first taste of ketchup as a toddler. I showed her how to dip potato wedges into the ketchup. She loved it. She then began experimenting with dipping all the other foods into the ketchup…bananas, peas, chicken, avocado…and seeing how it tasted. This is an example of _____.
Tertiary circular reaction
Primary circular reaction
secondary circular reaction
Coordination of secondary circular reactions
According to K. Warner Schaie, what is the stage in which people in middle adulthood may become involved in organizations where they have a larger purpose in society?
responsible stage
reintegrative stage
executive stage
achieving stage
What kind of thinking acknowledges that adult predicaments must sometimes be resolved in relativistic terms?
dialectical thinking
moralistic thinking
postformal thought
representational thinking
How does postformal thought fundamentally differ from Piaget's notion of formal operations?
Postformal thought is a developmental period that precedes formal operations
Postformal thought is based on culturally shared definitions of "truth" and "wisdom."
Postformal thought acknowledges that sometimes there are no clearly right or wrong solutions to a problem
Postformal reasoning leads to a single identifiable solution
Carly’s IQ score is 120; she is 18 years old. Which is the best description of her IQ?
Only .1% of other 18 year olds scored better than she did
She was 20 points higher than an average 18 year old
Her score is one standard deviation below the average
She scored better than 68% of all other people who have EVER taken an IQ test
Which of the following is most likely to be stored as an episodic memory?
Your first date with your romantic partner
A mental image of one’s best friend
The date of one’s own birth
How to eat with a spoon
According to Perry’s Scheme, how does the shift from dualism to relativism reflect cognitive development in early adulthood?
It shows a transition from relying on authorities for absolute truths to understanding that knowledge is context-dependent
It demonstrates a rejection of all forms of authority and a focus on personal opinions as the only valid perspective
It highlights the ability to solve all problems with definitive answers through logical reasoning
It indicates a decline in cognitive abilities as individuals age and rely less on critical thinking
How does the processing speed theory explain cognitive declines in late adulthood?
It suggests that slower nervous system functioning reduces the ability to process information efficiently
It attributes declines to the disuse of cognitive skills over time
It argues that older adults have difficulty focusing on relevant information while ignoring distractions
It emphasizes the role of sensory deficits in explaining cognitive declines
If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of around 20 or 25 to 35 or 40, it would be classified as __________.
intractable intellectual disability
genius intellectual ability
severe intellectual disability
mild intellectual disability
When developmentalists considered fluid and crystallized intelligence to determine if intelligence continues to grow, slow, or decline with age, what did they discover?
Fluid intelligence does decline; however, crystallized intelligence holds steady and can improve
Crystallized intelligence does decline; however, fluid intelligence holds steady and can improve
Both fluid and crystallized intelligence decline with age
Both fluid and crystallized intelligence improve with age
Which term describes the actual age of a child taking an intelligence test?
standard age
intelligence age
chronological age
mental age
Which term did Alfred Binet use to describe the intelligence level someone has (rather than their chronological age)?
Standard age
physical age
intelligence age
mental age
intelligence quota
Usman is a car mechanic who always works on Hondas. One day, his brother asked him if he could replace the engine in his Toyota. Usman had never done this before, but he was pretty good at using his expertise on Hondas to understand how other similar vehicles worked. Sternberg would rate Usman as high in what type of intelligence?
experiential
practical
componential
fixed
Which of the following is true regarding fluid and crystallized intelligence?
Crystallized intelligence shows little decline as a result of aging
Measuring fluid intelligence in infancy is the best predictor of later IQ scores
Fluid intelligence improves over time and does not depend on processing power
Test items measuring crystallized and fluid intelligence do not correlate with each other
What condition results when the production of beta-amyloid precursor protein goes awry, producing clumps that trigger inflammation and deterioration of nerve cells?
Moebius syndrome
Parkinson's disease
Alzheimer's disease
Huntington's disease
When a person exhibits success facing every day, real-world demands, Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence would suggest that person was demonstrating what kind of intelligence?
contextual intelligence
experiential intelligence
practical intelligence
componential intelligence
Infantile amnesia is defined as the lack of memory for experience that occurred prior to about what age?
6 months
12 months
1 year
3 years
Carmela is a whiz at problem solving. She won several prizes in robotics competitions while in elementary school, and recently received a summer grant to study applied knot theory, now that she's in high school. According to Howard Gardner's conception of intelligence, what kind of intelligence is Carmela demonstrating?
bodily kinesthetic intelligence
logical mathematical intelligence
spatial intelligence
linguistic intelligence
Sternberg is to ____ as Spearman is to _____.
several uncorrelated intelligences; one underlying intelligence
Growth and fixed mindset; spatial intelligence
“g”; triarchic theory of intelligence
practical intelligence; fluid and crystallized intelligences
