Formula used to calculate aortic valve area in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: (a)  

Echocardiographic ratio used to grade the severity of aortic stenosis: (a)  

Classic transesophageal echocardiography sign of acute pulmonary embolism: (a)  

Shape of the left ventricle on echo during severe right-ventricular pressure overload: (a)  

Reflex that causes bradycardia and hypotension after spinal anesthesia or inferior wall ischemia: (a)  

Right-atrial waveform change most typical of cardiac tamponade: (a)  

Right-atrial waveform change most typical of constrictive pericarditis: (a)  

Large V waves on pulmonary-capillary-wedge tracing suggest acute (a)   :

Short-acting intravenous P2Y12 inhibitor used to bridge patients before surgery: (a)  

Specific reversal drug for dabigatran: (a)  

Specific reversal drug for apixaban or rivaroxaban: (a)  

Inhaled drug that selectively lowers pulmonary vascular resistance: (a)  

Physiologic mechanism that diverts blood away from hypoxic alveoli: (a)  

Drop in cerebral perfusion pressure (millimeters of mercury) for every centimeter of head elevation: (a)  

Maneuver used to improve oxygenation during one-lung ventilation: (a)  

Post-extrasystolic fall in pulse pressure seen in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: (a)  

Valve leaflet involved in systolic anterior motion in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: (a)  

Valvular lesion that worsens with a slow heart rate: (a)  

Best first vasopressor for hypotension in aortic stenosis: (a)  

Best first vasopressor for hypotension in pulmonary hypertension: (a)  

Method of cardiac-output calculation based on oxygen consumption: (a)  

Diastolic-function index using transmitral and annular velocities: (a)  

Simple M-mode measure of right-ventricular contractility: (a)  

Doppler signal used to estimate pulmonary-artery pressure: (a)  

Electrocardiogram finding classic for cardiac tamponade: (a)  

Syndrome after carotid surgery due to loss of cerebral autoregulation: (a)  

Nuclear-imaging sign that suggests balanced three-vessel ischemia: (a)  

Product used for urgent reversal of warfarin anticoagulation: (a)  

Unit of measurement for pulmonary vascular resistance: (a)  

Ventilator setting that most increases right-ventricular afterload: (a)  

Echocardiographic maneuver used to detect a patent foramen ovale: (a)  

Function that a magnet disables in an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: (a)  

Pacing mode used to prevent cautery interference: (a)  

Minimum number of months to delay elective surgery after drug-eluting-stent placement for acute coronary syndrome: (a)  

Nebulized prostacyclin used for pulmonary hypertension: (a)  

Stenotic valve lesion most sensitive to tachycardia: (a)  

Arrhythmia that most often destabilizes patients with aortic stenosis: (a)  

Antidote for heparin overdose: (a)  

Echocardiographic sign showing septal motion toward the left ventricle during inspiration in constrictive pericarditis: (a)  

Device used during carotid-artery clamping to maintain cerebral blood flow: (a)  

Hemodynamic event that commonly occurs after aortic clamp removal: (a)  

Minimum volatile-anesthetic concentration that reduces hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: (a)  

Left-ventricular-assist-device event caused by over-pumping or under-filling: (a)  

Echocardiographic term for the membrane seen in aortic dissection: (a)  

Vasopressor effective in vasoplegia after ACE-inhibitor or ARNI therapy: (a)  

Main physiologic factor that determines total body oxygen delivery: (a)  

Primary determinant of arterial oxygen content in the blood: (a)  

Ratio that describes the relationship between ventricular contractility and arterial afterload: (a)  

Anatomical point used for blood-pressure measurement in the beach-chair position: (a)