What are the two classifications of joint

three types based on what material binds the joints and whether a cavity is present

Which of the following are structural classifications

three types based on movement joint allows

Which of the following are function classifications

immovable joints

slightly moveable joints

freely moveable joints

bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue

No joint cavity

most are immovable

depends on length of connective tissue fibers

What are three types of fibrous joints

rigid, interlocking joints of skull

What type of fibrous joint allows for growth during youth and ossify and fuse during middle age where immovable joints join skull into one unit that protects brain and also contains short connective tissue fibers that allow of expansion?

Closed immured sututres

peg-in-socket joints

Only examples are the teeth in alveolar sockets

Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament

Holds tooth in socket

bones connected by ligaments, band of fibrous tissue

Which fibrous joint does the fiber length varies, so movement varies

What fibers offer little to no movement

Which is an example of short fibers

Which fibers offer a large amount of movement

Which is an example of longer fibers

Bones united by cartilage

Like fibrous joints have no cavity

not highly movable

What are two types of cartilaginous joint

a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones

 Almost all are synarthrotic (immovable)

What is this an examples of

Temporary epiphyseal plate joints

◦Become synostoses after plate closure

◦Cartilage of 1st rib with manubrium of sternum

 Fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint

◦Hyaline cartilage also present as articular cartilage on bony surfaces

are strong, amphiatrotic (slightly moveable joints)

What is this an example of

intervertebral joints

pubic symphysis

Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity

 All are diarthrotic (freely movable)

 Include almost all limb joints

1.Plane - nonaxial

2.Hinge - uniaxial

3.Pivot - uniaxial

4.Condylar - biaxial

5.Saddle - biaxial

6.Ball-and-socket – multiaxial (polyaxial)

consists of hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones

◦Prevents crushing of bone ends

small, fluid-filled space

two layers thick

◦External fibrous layer: dense irregular connective tissue

◦Inner synovial membrane: loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid

viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid

◦Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage

◦Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris

What are the different types of reinforcing ligaments

thickened part of fibrous

outside the capsule

deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane

For cushioning between fibrous layer of capsule and synovial membrane or bone

Fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve “fit” of bone ends, stabilize joint, and reduce wear and tear

reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

◦Bags of synovial fluid that act as lubricating “ball bearing”

◦Not strictly part of synovial joints, but closely associated

elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction

shallow surfaces less stable than ball-and-socket

the more ligaments, the stronger the joint

keeps tendons taut as they cross joints (most important)

Extremely important in reinforcing shoulder and knee joints and arches of the foot

What are the three general types of movement

What is allowed by synovial joints

nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial,

What is slipping movements only

What is movement in one plane

movement in or around all three planes

one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar structure

What is this an example of

intercarpal joints

intertarsal joints

between articular processes of vertebrae

 Increase or decrease angle between two bones

 Movement along sagittal plane

Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction are all examples of

decreases the angle of the joint

increases the angle of the joint

movement beyond the anatomical position

movement along frontal plane, away from the midline

movement along frontal plane, toward the midline

◦Involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb

◦Limb describes cone in space

Turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away from it

Medial, Lateral

What are the special movements of arm

rotation of radius and ulna

palms face anteriorly

radius and ulna are parallel

palms face posteriorly

radius rotates over ulna

Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion are examples of what special body movements

bending foot toward shin

Pointing toes

Sole of foot faces medially

Sole of foot faces laterally

protraction, retraction, elevation, and depression

movement in lateral plane

mandible juts out

mandible is pulled toward neck

lifting body part superiorly

Example: shrugging shoulders

lowering body part

Ex: opening jaw

movement of thumb

Example: touching thumb to tips of other fingers on same hand or any grasping movement

1.Jaw (temporomandibular joint)

2.Shoulder (glenohumeral joint)

3.Elbow (humeroulnar joint)

4.Hip (acetabulofemoral joint)

Knee (tibiofemoral joint)

is a modified hinge joint

Mandibular condyle articulates with temporal bone

 Articular capsule thickens into strong lateral ligament

hinge gliding

depression and elevation of mandible

side-to-side (lateral excursion) grinding of teeth

 Most easily dislocated joint in the body because of shallow socket of joint

 Almost always dislocates anteriorly, causing mouth to remain open

◦To realign, physician must push mandible back into plac

 Symptoms: ear and face pain, tender muscles, popping sounds when opening mouth, joint stiffness

 Usually caused by grinding teeth, but can also be due to jaw trauma or poor occlusion of teeth

◦Treatment for grinding teeth includes bite plate 

◦Relaxing jaw muscles helps

 Most freely moving joint in body

 Stability is sacrificed for freedom of movement

Ball-and-socket joint

Large, hemispherical head of humerus fits in small, shallow glenoid cavity of scapula

◦Like a golf ball on a tee

enclosing cavity is also thin and loose

◦Contributes to freedom of movement

Where is Reinforcing ligaments

Primary on anterior aspect found

helps support weight of upper limbs

strengthen anterior capsule, but are weak support

Reinforcing muscle tendons contribute most to joint stability

◦Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle is “superstabilizer”

◦Travels through intertubercular sulcus

◦Secures humerus to glenoid cavity

Subscapularis, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor

 are common injuries due to mobility in the shoulder (i.e. in sports)

 Structures reinforcing this joint are weakest anteriorly and inferiorly, so head of humerus can easily dislocate forward and downward

provides poor support when  humerus is rotated laterally and abducted

◦ex: when football player uses arm to tackle opponent

What does the humerus articulate with

formed primarily from trochlear notch of ulna articulating with trochlea of humerus

◦Allows for flexion and extension only

What surrounds the head of radius

What two capsular ligaments restrict side-to-side movement

also known as the acetabulofemoral joint

 A ball-and-socket joint where the targe, spherical head of the femur articulates with deep cup-shaped acetabulum

What has a good range of motion, but limited by the deep socket

what is the rim of fibrocartilage that enhances depth of socket

What joint is these reinforcing ligaments apart of

1.Iliofemoral ligament

2.Pubofemoral ligament

3.Ischiofemoral ligament

4.Ligament of head of femur (ligamentum teres)

◦Slack during most hip movements, so not important in stabilizing, but is thought to stabilize certain positions (limiting extreme hip adduction)

◦Does contain an artery that supplies head of femur

 Greatest stability comes from deep ball-and-socket joint

What is the largest most complex joint of the body

What joint consists of these three joints

Femoropatellar joint, lateral joint, and medial joint

plane joint

allows gliding motion during knee flexion

Joint between femoral condyles and lateral and medial menisci of tibia

◦Hinge joint that allows flexion, extension, and some rotation when knee partly flexed

 Joint capsule is thin and absent anteriorly

 Anteriorly, quadriceps tendon gives rise to three broad ligaments that run from patella to tibia

◦Medial and lateral patellar retinacula that flank the patellarligament

what three ligaments act to stabilize knee joint

What helps prevent hyperextension of knee

stabilizes posterior knee joint

reinforces joint capsule posteriorly

What reside within the capsule, but outside the synovial cavity

help to prevent anterior-posterior displacement

attaches to anterior tibia

prevents forward sliding of tibia and stops hyperextension of knee

attaches to posterior tibia

prevents backward sliding of tibia and forward sliding of femur

◦Fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces

◦Improves “fit” of bone ends,

◦Stabilizes joint and reduces wear and tear

What absorbs great amount of vertical force; however, its is vulnerable to horizontal blows

What are the three common knee injuries

What kind of blows to the extended knee can result in tears in tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament

Cartilage tears, sprains, dislocations

◦Due to compression and shear stress

◦Fragments may cause joint to lock or bind

◦Cartilage rarely repairs itself

◦Repaired with arthroscopic surgery

◦Partial menisci removal renders joint less stable but mobile; complete removal leads to osteoarthritis

◦Meniscal transplant possible in younger patients

◦Perhaps meniscus grown from own stem cells in future

Reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn

◦Common sites are ankle, knee, and lumbar region of back

◦Partial tears repair very slowly because of poor vascularization

◦Three options if torn completely

1.Ends of ligaments can be sewn together

2.Replaced with grafts

3.Just allow time and immobilization for healing

◦Bones forced out of alignment

◦Accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and difficulty moving joint

◦Caused by serious falls or contact sports

◦Must be reduced to treat

 Subluxation: partial dislocation of a joint

◦Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or friction

◦Treated with rest and ice and, if severe, anti-inflammatory drugs

◦Inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse

◦Symptoms and treatment like those of bursitis

◦>100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints

◦Most widespread crippling disease in the U.S.

◦Symptoms: pain, stiffness, and swelling of joint

◦Acute forms: caused by bacteria, treated with antibiotics

◦Chronic forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis

Most common type of arthritis

Irreversible, degenerative ("wear-and-tear") arthritis

◦May reflect excessive release of enzymes that break down articular cartilage

◦Cartilage is broken down faster than it is replaced

◦Bone spurs (osteophytes) may form from thickened ends of bones

◦Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause

◦Immune system attacks own cells

◦Usually arises between ages 40 and 50, but may occur at any age; affects three times as many women as men

◦Signs and symptoms include joint pain and swelling (usually bilateral), anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular problems

What begins with inflammation of synovial membrane (synovitis) of affected joint

Inflammatory blood cells migrate to joint, release inflammatory chemicals that destroy tissues

Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into abnormal pannustissue that clings to articular cartilage

Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms and connects articulating bone ends

What accumulates causing joint swelling

◦Treatment includes steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to decrease pain and inflammation

◦Treatment disrupts the destruction of joints by immune system

◦Immune suppressants slow autoimmune reaction

◦Some agents target tumor necrosis factor to block action of inflammatory chemicals

◦Can replace joint with prosthesis

What is deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation

What is more common in men (naturally retain more uric acid)

What kind of arthritis bone ends fuse and immobilize joint

Treatment: drugs, plenty of water, avoidance of alcohol and foods high in purines, such as liver, kidneys, and sardines

◦Caused by bacteria (Borrelia burgdorferi) transmitted by tick bites (US – deer tick)

◦Symptoms: skin rash, flu-like symptoms, and foggy thinking

◦May lead to joint pain and arthritis

Treatment

Long course of antibiotics