Kyphosis is referred to as having a _________

Scoliosis is referred to as a ________ curvature of the spine at the thoracic vertebrae.

Kyphosis is caused by:

Scoliosis occurs in young children and is ________.

Which part of the spine contains the intervertebral discs?

Bones are formed through ossification. What is the initial composition of the skeleton?

As the amount of ______ increases, the bones harden.

What is the function of the epiphyseal plates in bone growth?

Which part of the bone is responsible for the formation of spongy bone?

The articulating bones for the Shoulder joint are _________.

The articulating bones for the Elbow joint are _________.

The articulating bones for the Wrist joint are _________.

The articulating bones for the Hip joint are _________.

The articulating bones for the Knee joint are _________.

The articulating bones for the Ankle joint are _________.

Which bone is labeled as 'Scapula'?

What type of joint is fixed and allows no movement?

Which type of joint is slightly moveable, for example, between the lumbar vertebrae?

Which type of joint is freely moveable and provides the greatest range of movements?

The coccyx is an example of a ______ joint.

Why are synovial joints important in sport?

Increased production of ________ fluid ensures the articular cartilage doesn’t dry out during exercise.

Increase of ________ uptake within the bones is a short term response to exercise.

Increased ________ of the ligaments is a short term response to exercise.

Reduction in the ________ of synovial fluid is a short term response to exercise.

Stimulates the production of ________ due to increased stress on bones is a short term response to exercise.

Increased bone ________ and strength due to mineral content is a long term adaptation of the skeletal system to exercise.

Increased ligament ________ thus reducing opportunity of dislocation is a long term adaptation of the skeletal system to exercise.

Increased thickness of ________ cartilage which protects bones from wear and tear is a long term adaptation of the skeletal system to exercise.

What does Osteoarthritis cause? Osteoarthritis causes ________ which causes a lack of mobility in over 40s of both genders.

What does Rheumatoid Arthritis cause? Rheumatoid Arthritis causes ________ of the joints in 40 - 50 year old women.

Osteoporosis is a reduction in ________ caused by a lack of calcium and Vitamin D as well as a sedentary lifestyle.

Weight training in children tends to do more harm than good. The reason for this is that children's bones are still growing and putting too much force on them can damage the epiphyseal plates. Damage to these plates during childhood can result in ________ growth.

According to the notes, what is the main reason weight training is harmful for children?

Weight training in children is recommended because it helps their bones grow stronger.

The ________ is the prime mover or contracting muscle. Directly responsible for the movement at a joint.

Which muscle relaxes as the agonist works and opposes the action of the agonist?

The ________ contacts isometrically and allows the agonist to work effectively by stabilising the origin of the agonist.

Which muscle neutralises undesired action and assists the agonist in performing the desired movement?

What is a concentric contraction?

Concentric contractions occur when a muscle _______ in length and develops tension as it contracts.

Concentric contractions are common in power sports where you need explosive force.

What does an eccentric contraction involve?

Eccentric contractions are common when you need to control the movement or work against gravity.

Eccentric contractions involve the development of tension as the muscle _________

Isometric Contractions are when the muscle contracts but does not change in _______.

Which of the following best describes isometric contractions?

Isometric contractions are common when there is no movement occurring.

Which muscle fibre type has slow twitch and slow contraction speed?

Which muscle fibre type is best suited for endurance sports such as 1500m, Tour de France, Football, and Rugby?

Type IIx/b muscle fibres have _____ twitch and _____ contraction speed.

Which muscle fibre type has high myoglobin and mitochondria levels?

Which muscle fibre type has high fatigue resistance and does not tire easily?

Type IIa muscle fibres have _____ force of contraction and are used in moderate sports like tennis and swimming.

Which muscle fibre type is aerobic and anaerobic?

Type IIx/b muscle fibres have _____ fatigue resistance and tire easily.

According to the notes, what percentage of muscle loss occurs on average between the ages of 50 to 70?

The rate of muscle loss decreases after the age of 70.

What lifestyle accelerates muscle loss according to the notes?

Remaining ______ and following an appropriate strength training programme can reduce the effects of aging.

What is a cramp?

Which of the following is NOT a cause of cramp?

One cause of cramp is _________.

Dehydration can lead to _________?

What should a performer do if they suffer a cramp during exercise?

Which of the following is recommended to prevent cramps?

Air passes through the _______ cavity where dust and bacteria are filtered out by sticky mucus.

The function of the epiglottis in the respiratory system is:

At the bottom of the trachea, it divides into two _______.

Each bronchus subdivides again into a mass of fine branches known as _______.

The tiny hollow bags with bulb-like pockets in which gases are exchanged are called:

The walls of the alveoli are only one cell thick.

The process where oxygen diffuses through the alveoli and capillary walls into the blood is called:

Blood releases _______ which diffuses in the opposite direction to alveoli.

What happens to the internal intercostal muscles during inspiration?

What is the role of internal intercostal muscles during expiration?

During inspiration, what do the external intercostal muscles do?

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

During expiration, what happens to the diaphragm?

What happens to the size of the lungs/thoracic cavity during inspiration?

What happens to the size of the lungs/thoracic cavity during expiration?

During inspiration, does the air pressure in the lungs drop or rise?

During expiration, does the air pressure in the lungs drop or rise?

What is the oxygen content in the lungs during inspiration?

What is the oxygen content in the lungs during expiration?

Which gases are involved in the process of gaseous exchange in the lungs?

What is gaseous exchange? Gaseous Exchange occurs through ______ between gases in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries.

Refer to the diagram showing the alveolus and blood capillary. Which gas moves into the blood capillary from the alveolus?

Where does gaseous exchange take place in the human body?

Diffusion occurs between the air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries that surround the _______.

Which structures form a respiratory membrane?

Gases diffuse from an area of _______ concentration to an area of _______ concentration.

Carbon Dioxide diffuses back into the alveoli from the blood plasma while oxygen diffuses into the blood plasma from the alveoli.

What is the tidal volume?