All of the methods below can be utilized to increase RAP except?

When acquiring contrast images, the optimal focus location is usually in the near field, at the level of the LV apex?

Which of the following is considered a contrast artifact?

When interpreting LV strain echocardiography imaging, which color within the bullseye indicates fibers are lengthening, as in aneurysmal?

If a shunt is not detected upon completion of a bubble study at rest, repeat the procedure and utilize maneuvers to increase _______.

Based on the image, the secondary metastatic tumor seen creating an IVC obstruction, most likely metastasized from which primary location?

A 58-year-old male patient presents for follow-up after a recent transmural myocardial infarction. TTE was obtained. An image enhancer was used because of poor endocardial border definition, and the following apical 3 chamber image was obtained. Based on the image provided, you conclude the most likely finding is:

During a bubble study, microbubbles are visualized in the right heart as a white blizzard. However, instead of seeing bubbles cross into the LA, you notice a negative contrast area (an area of signal drop out, a black area) in the RA. What is most likely the diagnosis?

Bubbles that reach the LA within 3-6 beats after full RA opacification would indicate?

Papillary fibroelastomas are believed to originate from a small thrombus that attaches and grows.

Due to TR severity seen with Carcinoid Heart Disease, which Doppler findings would be expected. Select all that apply.

An echogenic mass causing lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum (LHIS) is an echo finding that most likely indicates?

Secondary metastatic tumors reach the heart via which pathway(s)? Select all that apply.

In order to properly interrogate & differentiate a thrombus from an artifact, a sonographer should make which adjustments to improve resolution? Select all that apply.

What is the normal GLS value range?

What is an LV thrombus typically associated with?

When should agitated saline be available?

75% of myxomas are located in which part of the heart?

What is the most common benign cardiac tumor in children/newborns?

Bubbles created from agitation are a ______ reflector for sound waves and can be visualized within the chambers of the heart.

A large mural mass, extending to the pericardium, vena cava, or TV with Doppler demonstrating TV flow obstruction, would most likely indicate?

Which areas of the heart are most commonly affected with papillary fibroelastomas?

Which pathology would be indicated by a strain bullseye with 'a cherry on top'?

Missiles appear on echo as echogenic structures with weak reverberations.

Tissue harmonic imaging is NOT recommended during the agitated saline study.

Which coronary artery branch supplies the anterior, septal, & apical wall segments?

What is the optimal 2D frame rate when obtaining strain imaging?

Which coronary artery gives rise to the PDA in ~85% of the population?

Myxomas often hinder diastolic filling, inhibit proper valve closure, and can result in secondary valvular stenosis.

What percentage of sarcomas metastasize to other areas?

Regarding bubble study image acquisition, decrease the beat loop or time to capture before, during, and after injection.

A _________ is an encapsulated tumor composed of mature fat cells, and is usually soft & large.

A bubble study detects a shunt.

What is the most common valvular cardiac tumor?

In what stage of life do fibromas usually present?

What is the most common type of sarcoma?

Where are LV thrombus typically located?

Midventricular wall segments are classified as being in the area of what structure(s)?

Rhabdomyomas are characterized as yellowish-gray tumors and can be found where in the heart?

Cancer therapy increases the risk of developing CV disease and the potential for CV complications.

When evaluating for intracardiac thrombi, contrast should be utilized in which of the following scenarios? Select all that apply.

Which coronary artery branch supplies the inferior wall segment?

When interpreting LV strain echocardiography imaging, which color within the bullseye indicates fibers are akinetic?

Which of the following is NOT a common indication for the use of contrast in echocardiography?

Regarding bubble study image acquisition, increase the sector width to increase the frame rate.

Which coronary artery branch supplies the atria & posterior LV?

Which coronary artery supplies the right ventricle?

When interpreting LV stain, which of the following would be considered a normal (good) indicator? Select all that apply.

Based on the echo findings demonstrated in the image, which pathology is most likely indicated?

Displacement of the heart, compression of the cardiac chambers, SVC obstruction, cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, PS and/or TS are all possible indications of?

What is the most common benign tumor of the pericardium?

Agitated saline is injected intravenously with force into the ________.

If a patient is in A-fib, it is important to rule out a clot in which location(s) of the heart prior to cardioversion?

An ASD, myocardial rupture, pericardial effusion/tamponade, VSD, and/or coronary artery trauma are all potential complications of what?

Contrast should be administered in echocardiography if a sonographer is unable to distinguish endocardial motion of 2+ wall segments on any of the 3 apical views.

What kind of heart disease is associated with fixed & rigid tricuspid valve leaflets, severe TR, & right heart failure?

Differential diagnosis is the process of differentiating between two or more conditions which share similar signs & symptoms. Which tumor would share a differential diagnosis with valvular vegetations?

Strain imaging in echocardiography is commonly used in evaluation of which patients?

Global longitudinal strain (GLS) is a precise, reproducible, & sensitive technique that is more accurate than ejection fraction and diastolic dysfunction.

With a persistent left superior vena cava, the bubbles will come through the ______ into the RA.

A bubble study is never indicated for TEE imaging, considering color & Doppler are beneficial and can provide a definitive diagnosis.

Which of the following describes the strain direction from the base of the mitral valve annulus to the apex, usually resulting in a negative strain value?

Angiosarcomas most often occur in what location(s) of the heart? Select all that apply.

Mediastinal cyst, teratoma, & diaphragmatic hernias are all examples of which type of tumor?

Ultrasound diagnosis of a cardiac mass is based on which of the following. Select all that apply.

Sarcomas affect women less often than men.

In order to allow recognition of structures that may mimic a cardiac mass, sonographers must have a detailed knowledge of which of the following?

What is the most common use of an ultrasound enhancement agent?

Myxoma is the most common benign cardiac tumor in adults.

A small (<1 cm), mobile, echo dense mass that closely resembles chordae tendineae consistency are echo findings that would most likely indicate?

Based on your knowledge of the primary location of tumors within the heart & their characteristics, which tumor is most likely represented in the image?

While scanning a 43-year-old man with a history of an old MI, you notice the anterior cardiac wall is akinetic. Which coronary artery is most likely to have been involved in his myocardial infarction?

Based on your knowledge of the primary location of tumors within the heart & their characteristics, which tumor is most likely represented in the image?

What does the GLS image indicate?

What does this GLS strain image indicate?

In which coronary artery system does the LCA/LCX give rise to the PDA?

Which restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) has the characteristic appearance of ventricular apical thrombus and possible involvement of the papillary muscles and tethering of the posterior mitral valve leaflet?

Patients in pulmonary hypertension may display this finding on the M-mode of the pulmonic valve?

A 22-year-old male college student was found unresponsive in the locker room and was taken to the hospital. A routine chest x-ray was performed. The findings suggested cardiomegaly, which triggered an order for an echocardiogram. The image below includes some of the findings of this study. Given these findings, what is most likely the diagnosis?

All of the following are common causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy except:

The part of the heart most often affected in patients with scleroderma is the:

The primary factor causing systemic hypertension is:

One of the most well-known cardiac complications in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus is:

Patients with ankylosing spondylitis may develop?

A patient with a carcinoid tumor demonstrates retracted and thickened mitral valve leaflets with free-flowing mitral regurgitation. What additional pathology is likely present in this situation?

Which cardiac abnormalities are frequently noted on the echocardiogram of patients with Marfan's syndrome?

Which of the following is NOT a common fiding in chronic hypertension?

Which of the following statements regarding Loeys-Dietz syndrom (LDS) is an incorrect statement?

The atria are generally dilated in amyloid heart disease due to:

Which of the following findings are NOT associated with systemic lupus erythematosus?

A patient with a history of scleroderma and shortness of breath presents for an echo. The most likely finding will be:

Echocardiography is considered an important tool for periodic evaluation of patients with hypertension. Particularly, it is important to pay careful attention to cardiac structures and compare serial studies to look for the progressive characteristics of hypertensive heart disease. Which of the following is a finding in a patient with hypertensive heart disease?

A 49-year-old man with an adrenal pheochromocytoma and uncontrollable hypertension presents for an echo. The most common echocardiographic feature of pheochromocytoma is:

In a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, the most frequent cardiac complication is:

A characteristic 2D echocardiographic feature of restrictive cardiomyopathy is:

Given TR and the RA pressure, what can you calculate?

Assessment of patients with chronic hypertension should include which of the following?

What is the most common characteristic feature utilized to differentiate athlete's heart from HCM?

A 66-year-old woman who appears younger than her stated age presents with complaints of dyspnea, arthralgias, and swelling of her hands & feet. A TTE is performed, and a short-axis view is provided in the image. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Which infiltrative restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is characterized by thickened valves, increased right and left ventricular wall thickness, a small pericardial effusion, normal left ventricular size, normal systolic function, and an apical-sparing reduction in longitudinal strain?

A TTE is obtained on a 29-year-old woman who presents with symptoms of arthralgias, low-grade fever, chest pain, skin rash, & photosensitivity. There is no history of illicit drug use. Chest x-ray demonstrates small bilateral pleural effusions. Initial laboratory tests demonstrate a mildly elevated white blood cell count, elevated creatinine level of 1.5 mg/dL, and an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 45 mm/h. Based on the TEE image, which is the most likely diagnosis?